{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:36:35Z","timestamp":1761896195111,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]],"date-time":"2015-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Starting on 21 April 2015, unusual activity on the summit of K\u012blauea was detected. Rapid summit inflation and a rising lava lake in Halema\u2018uma\u2018u crater were interpreted as early signs of imminent magma intrusion. We explored the  three-dimensional (3D) surface motion accompanying this volcanic event using the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) stacking method. Multi-temporal COSMO-SkyMed X-band SAR data collected from ascending and descending orbits were processed for the time period encompassing the unrest behavior. The 3D displacement maps retrieved by integrating the stacked InSAR with Multiple-Aperture Interferometric SAR (MAI) measurements revealed the deformation patterns and areal coverage of this volcanic activity. The observed maximum displacements were approximately 8.2, \u221213.8, and 11.6 cm in the east, north, and up directions, respectively. The best-fit model for the mechanism causing the surface deformation was determined via ten thousand simulations using the 3D surface deformation as the input. When compared to the results of a previous study, the 3D-based modeling produced more precise model parameter estimates with markedly lower uncertainties. The optimal spheroid magma source was located southwest of the caldera, lying at a depth of approximately 2.8 km below the surface. Precise model parameter estimates produced using the 3D-based modeling will be helpful in understanding the magma behavior in K\u012blauea\u2019s complex volcanic system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]],"date-time":"2015-10-29T11:16:47Z","timestamp":1446117407000},"page":"14386-14402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Detecting the Source Location of Recent Summit Inflation via Three-Dimensional InSAR Observation of K\u012blauea Volcano"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Min-Jeong","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2335-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Sup","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geoinformatics, The University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, South Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9255-9407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joong-Sun","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23109","DOI":"10.1029\/96JE01459","article-title":"Surface deformation and coherence measurements of K\u012blaueaK\u012blauea Volcano, Hawaii, from SIR-C radar interferometry","volume":"101","author":"Rosen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. 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Method"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/14386\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:51:08Z","timestamp":1760215868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/14386"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs71114386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs71114386","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,29]]}}}