{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T03:01:33Z","timestamp":1783479693892,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]],"date-time":"2015-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Financial support was provided by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China","award":["41431176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41431176"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41471287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41471287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National High Technology Research and Development Program of China","award":["2014AA06A509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014AA06A509"]}]},{"name":"ESA-MOST (China) Dragon 3 Cooperation Program and the 135-Program of NIGLAS","award":["NIGLAS2012135014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIGLAS2012135014"]}]},{"name":"ESA-MOST (China) Dragon 3 Cooperation Program and the 135-Program of NIGLAS","award":["NIGLAS2012135010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIGLAS2012135010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extension and frequency of algal blooms in surface waters can be monitored using remote sensing techniques, yet knowledge of their vertical distribution is fundamental to determine total phytoplankton biomass and understanding temporal variability of surface conditions and the underwater light field. However, different vertical distribution classes of phytoplankton may occur in complex inland lakes. Identification of the vertical profile classes of phytoplankton becomes the key and first step to estimate its vertical profile. The vertical distribution profile of phytoplankton is based on a weighted integral of reflected light from all depths and is difficult to determine by reflectance data alone. In this study, four Chla vertical profile classes (vertically uniform, Gaussian, exponential and hyperbolic) were found to occur in three in situ vertical surveys (28 May, 19\u201324 July and 10\u201312 October) in a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu. We developed and validated a classification and regression tree (CART) to determine vertical phytoplankton biomass profile classes. This was based on an algal bloom index (Normalized Difference algal Bloom Index, NDBI) applied to both in situ remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) and MODIS Rayleigh-corrected reflectance (Rrc) data in combination with data of local wind speed. The results show the potential of retrieving Chla vertical profiles information from integrated information sources following a decision tree approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,2]],"date-time":"2015-11-02T02:53:57Z","timestamp":1446432837000},"page":"14403-14427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["A Remote Sensing Approach to Estimate Vertical Profile Classes of Phytoplankton in a Eutrophic Lake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1985-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongtao","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7414-0389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Loiselle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, CSGI, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Avenue, South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1021\/es8031852","article-title":"Two-decade reconstruction of algal blooms in China\u2019s Lake Taihu","volume":"43","author":"Duan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3354\/meps06943","article-title":"Satellite measurements of cyanobacterial bloom frequency in the Baltic Sea: Interannual and spatial variability","volume":"343","author":"Kahru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.11.003","article-title":"Detection of harmful algal blooms of Karenia mikimotoi using MODIS measurements: A case study of Seto-Inland Sea, Japan","volume":"129","author":"Siswanto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.02.014","article-title":"Evaluation of the use of SeaWiFS imagery for detecting Karenia brevis harmful algal blooms in the eastern Gulf of Mexico","volume":"91","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"2968","article-title":"Formation of cyanobacterial blooms in Lake Chaohu and the photosynthesis of dominant species hypothesis","volume":"31","author":"Jia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2005.11.024","article-title":"Monitoring cyanobacterial blooms by satellite remote sensing","volume":"67","author":"Kutser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.031","article-title":"MERIS observations of phytoplankton blooms in a stratified eutrophic lake","volume":"126","author":"Odermatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.040","article-title":"Monitoring blooms and surface accumulation of cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon by combining MERIS and ASAR data","volume":"146","author":"Bresciani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, H., Ma, R., Zhang, Y., Loiselle, S.A., Xu, J., Zhao, C., Zhou, L., and Shang, L. (2010). A new three-band algorithm for estimating chlorophyll concentrations in turbid inland lakes. Environ. Res. Lett., 5.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/5\/4\/044009"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.05.017","article-title":"Remote estimation of chlorophyll-a in turbid inland waters: Three-band model versus GA-PLS model","volume":"136","author":"Song","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.011","article-title":"Evaluation of remote sensing algorithms for cyanobacterial pigment retrievals during spring bloom formation in several lakes of East China","volume":"126","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.031","article-title":"Diurnal changes of a harmful algal bloom in the East China Sea: Observations from GOCI","volume":"140","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/02705060.2006.9664991","article-title":"Effects of wind and wind-induced waves on vertical phytoplankton distribution and surface blooms of Microcystis aeruginosain Lake Taihu","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Freshw. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2989\/025776101784528872","article-title":"Identification and classification of vertical chlorophyll patterns in the Benguela upwelling system and Angola-Benguela front using an artificial neural network","volume":"23","author":"Silulwane","year":"2010","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.02.023","article-title":"Estimating the risk of cyanobacterial occurrence using an index integrating meteorological factors: Application to drinking water production","volume":"56","author":"Ndong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2307\/2402246","article-title":"The effect of wind on the distribution of chlorophyll a and crustacean plankton in a shallow eutrophic reservoir","volume":"13","author":"George","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1994.39.2.0365","article-title":"Effect of wind on the distribution of phytoplankton cells in lakes revisited","volume":"39","author":"Webster","year":"1994","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9883(02)00085-9","article-title":"The influence of weather conditions (temperature and wind) on cyanobacterial bloom development in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea)","volume":"2","author":"Kanoshina","year":"2003","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-013-2764-6","article-title":"Detection of algal bloom and factors influencing its formation in Taihu Lake from 2000 to 2011 by MODIS","volume":"71","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004077225916","article-title":"Seasonal variations of Microcystis populations in sediments of Lake Biwa, Japan","volume":"434","author":"Tsujimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/00071618000650321","article-title":"Changes in buoyancy of a planktonic blue-green alga in response to light intensity","volume":"15","author":"Walsby","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. Phycol. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1933","article-title":"Formation of gas vesicles in phosphorus-limited cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"135","author":"Kromkamp","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Gen. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1126\/science.215.4540.1629","article-title":"Cyanobacterial blooms: carbon and nitrogen limitation have opposite effects on the buoyancy of Oscillatoria","volume":"215","author":"Klemer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2010.55.5.2025","article-title":"Characterizing a cyanobacterial bloom in western Lake Erie using satellite imagery and meteorological data","volume":"55","author":"Wynne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1989.34.8.1545","article-title":"Surface pigments, algal biomass profiles, and potential production of the euphotic layer: Relationships reinvestigated in view of remote-sensing applications","volume":"34","author":"Morel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701280991","article-title":"Variations of ocean colour parameters with nonuniform vertical profiles of chlorophyll concentration","volume":"29","author":"Xiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.19.003428","article-title":"Remote sensing optical properties of a stratified ocean: An improved interpretation","volume":"19","author":"Gordon","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.44.001735","article-title":"Effects of a nonuniform vertical profile of chlorophyll concentration on remote-sensing reflectance of the ocean","volume":"44","author":"Stramska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2008.02.024","article-title":"Influence of the vertical distribution of cyanobacteria in the water column on the remote sensing signal","volume":"78","author":"Kutser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(89)90046-0","article-title":"Remote sensing of oceanic primary production: Computations using a spectral model","volume":"36","author":"Sathyendranath","year":"1989","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A. Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(92)90119-E","article-title":"Ocean color remote-sensing and the subsurface vertical structure of phytoplankton pigments","volume":"39","year":"1992","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part A. Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mill\u00e1n-N\u00fa\u00f1ez, R., Alvarez-Borrego, S., and Trees, C.C. (1997). Modeling the vertical distribution of chlorophyll in the California Current System. J. Geophys. Res., 102.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC00079"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-1784(00)01126-9","article-title":"Chlorophyll profiles and the water column structure in the Gulf of California","volume":"24","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oceanol. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.07.029","article-title":"Comparison between MERIS and regional high-level products in European seas","volume":"140","author":"Zibordi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uitz, J., Claustre, H., Morel, A., and Hooker, S.B. (2006). Vertical distribution of phytoplankton communities in open ocean: An assessment based on surface chlorophyll. J. Geophys. Res., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC003207"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.limno.2012.03.002","article-title":"Environmental changes in Chaohu Lake (Southeast, China) since the mid 20th century: The interactive impacts of nutrients, hydrology and climate","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Limnol.\u2014Ecol. Manag. Inland Waters"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160117495","article-title":"A spectral analysis of bottom-induced variation in the colour of Sand Hills lakes, Nebraska, USA","volume":"22","author":"Lodhi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4305","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600857428","article-title":"Bio-optical model with optimal parameter suitable for Taihu Lake in water colour remote sensing","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-006-9381-8","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of eutrophication in Western Chaohu Lake, China","volume":"130","author":"Shang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-010-0526-y","article-title":"Nutrient dynamics linked to hydrological condition and anthropogenic nutrient loading in Chaohu Lake (Southeast China)","volume":"661","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.1755","article-title":"Water eutrophication in China and the combating strategies","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Bio. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Yu, T. (2010). Phytoplankton Community Structure in Chaohu Lake. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Anhui University]."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2004.06.011","article-title":"Distributions of colored dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in the Pearl River Estuary, China","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, G., Ma, R., Loiselle, S.A., and Duan, H. (2012). Optical approaches to examining the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon in optically complex inland waters. Environ. Res. Lett., 7.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/3\/034014"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ocean optics protocols for satellite ocean color sensor validation, revision 5, volume V: Biogeochemical and bio-optical measurements and data analysis protocols","volume":"211621","author":"Mueller","year":"2003","journal-title":"NASA Tech. Memo."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7442","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.007442","article-title":"Estimation of the remote-sensing reflectance from above-surface measurements","volume":"38","author":"Mobley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10694","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61110694","article-title":"An EOF-Based algorithm to estimate chlorophyll a concentrations in Taihu Lake from MODIS land-band measurements: Implications for near real-time applications and forecasting models","volume":"6","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.08.026","article-title":"A novel MERIS algorithm to derive cyanobacterial phycocyanin pigment concentrations in a eutrophic lake: Theoretical basis and practical considerations","volume":"154","author":"Qi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, L., Hu, C., Chen, X., Tian, L., and Chen, L. (2012). Human induced turbidity changes in Poyang Lake between 2000 and 2010: Observations from MODIS. J. Geophys. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007864"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"309","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS","volume":"351","author":"Rouse","year":"1974","journal-title":"NASA Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.18307\/2009.0209","article-title":"Identification of algae-bloom and aquatic macrophytes in Lake Taihu from in situ measured spectra data","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lake Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.012","article-title":"A novel ocean color index to detect floating algae in the global oceans","volume":"113","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Stone, C.J., and Olshen, R.A. (1984). Classification and Regression Trees, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2005.01.006","article-title":"A comparative predictive analysis of neural networks (NNs), nonlinear regression and classification and regression tree (CART) models","volume":"29","author":"Razi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.020","article-title":"Sediment resuspension by wind in a shallow lake of Esteros del Iber\u00e1 (Argentina): A model based on turbidimetry","volume":"186","author":"Hull","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"1089","article-title":"No unbiased estimator of the variance of k-fold cross-validation","volume":"5","author":"Bengio","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20071","article-title":"Absorption characteristics of optically complex inland waters: Implications for water optical classification","volume":"118","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212470","article-title":"Interpretation of the 685 nm peak in water-leaving radiance spectra in terms of fluorescence, absorption and scattering, and its observation by MERIS","volume":"20","author":"Gower","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Gower, J., King, S., Wei, Y., Borstad, G., and Brown, L. (2003, January 10\u201313). Use of the 709 nm band of MERIS to detect intense plankton blooms and other conditions in coastal waters. Proceedings of the MERIS User Workshop, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.04.015","article-title":"A simple semi-analytical model for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a in turbid waters: Validation","volume":"112","author":"Gitelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.015","article-title":"A multi-sensor approach for the on-orbit validation of ocean color satellite data products","volume":"102","author":"Bailey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7127","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.007127","article-title":"Effective upwelling irradiance depths in turbid waters: A spectral analysis of origins and fate","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17081","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02443","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery in the Earth Observing System era","volume":"102","author":"Gordon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. (1984\u20132012)"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., and Shi, W. (2005). Estimation of ocean contribution at the MODIS near\u2014Infrared wavelengths along the east coast of the US: Two case studies. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022917"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.06.005","article-title":"Comparison between CCMP, QuikSCAT and buoy winds along the Iberian Peninsula coast","volume":"137","author":"Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2008.03.008","article-title":"An overview on SAR measurements of sea surface wind","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2008.53.6.2391","article-title":"The spatial dynamics of vertical migration by Microcystis aeruginosa in a eutrophic shallow lake: A case study using high spatial resolution time\u2014Series airborne remote sensing","volume":"53","author":"Hunter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loiselle, S., Cozar, A., Adgo, E., Ballatore, T., Chavula, G., Descy, J.P., Harper, D.M., Kansiime, F., Kimirei, I., and Langenberg, V. (2014). Decadal trends and common dynamics of the bio-optical and thermal characteristics of the African Great Lakes. PloS One, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093656"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/14403\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:51:12Z","timestamp":1760215872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/14403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs71114403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs71114403","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,30]]}}}