{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T15:59:38Z","timestamp":1762271978177,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>MODIS images during the year 2012 were used for modelling of the radiation and energy balance components with the application of the SAFER algorithm (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) in the Brazilian Pantanal area. Pixels from the main  sub-regions of Bar\u00e3o de Melga\u00e7o (BR), Paiagu\u00e1s (PA) and Nhecol\u00e2ndia (NH) were extracted in order to process microclimatic comparisons. In general, the net radiation (Rn) relied much more on the global solar radiation (RG) levels than on water conditions and ecosystem types, in accordance with the low Rn standard deviation values. The fraction of the available energy used as latent heat flux (\u03bbE) were, on average, 65, 50 and 49% for the BR, PA and NH  sub-regions, respectively. Horizontal heat advection, identified by the negative values of sensible heat flux (H), made several pixels with \u03bbE values higher than those for Rn in the middle of the year. Taking the evaporative fraction (Ef) as a surface moisture indicator, the Tree-Lined Savanna (TLS) was considered the moister ecosystem class, with 58% of the available energy being used as \u03bbE, while the driest one was the modified ecosystem Anthropogenic Changes (AC), presenting a \u03bbE\/Rn fraction of 0.46. According to the spatial and temporal consistencies, and after comparisons with other previous point and large-scale studies, the SAFER algorithm proved to have sensibility to quantify and compare the  large-scale radiation and energy balance components in the different ecosystems of the Brazilian Pantanal. The algorithm is useful for monitoring the energy exchange dynamics among the different terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem types throughout the seasons of the year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T10:46:46Z","timestamp":1446634006000},"page":"14597-14619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Use of MODIS Images to Quantify the Radiation and Energy Balances in the Brazilian Pantanal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Satellite Monitoring, Campinas, 13070-115 SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Padovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Pantanal, Corumb\u00e1, 79320-900 MS, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Satellite Monitoring, Campinas, 13070-115 SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Leivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Satellite Monitoring, Campinas, 13070-115 SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Victoria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Satellite Monitoring, Campinas, 13070-115 SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Galdino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Pantanal, Corumb\u00e1, 79320-900 MS, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNESCO Ramsar: Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat 1971. Available online: http:\/\/portal.unesco.org\/en\/ev.php-URL_ID=15398&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcp172","article-title":"Agricultural use of wetlands: Opportunities and limitations","volume":"105","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2006.09.005","article-title":"Factors that control Typha marsh evapotranspiration","volume":"86","author":"Goulden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquatic Botany"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027-006-0851-4","article-title":"Biodiversity and its conservation in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil","volume":"68","author":"Junk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Embrapa Pantanal, SOS Pantanal Institute, WWF-Brazil (2014). Monitoramento das altera\u00e7\u00f5es da cobertura vegetal e uso da terra na bacia do alto rio Paraguai\u2014Por\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira( per\u00edodo de an\u00e1lise: 2010 a 2012), Embrapa Pantanal."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Silva, M.H.S. (2007). Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o Pedomorfol\u00f3gica e Compreens\u00e3o dos Processos pedogen\u00e9ticos dos solos da Lagoa Salitrada: Pantanal de Nhecol\u00e2ndia. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS\/CPAQ)]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-204X2008001000016","article-title":"Estudo da din\u00e2mica espa\u00e7o-temporal do bioma Pantanal por meio de imagens MODIS","volume":"43","author":"Adami","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pesquisa Agropecu\u00e1ria Brasileira"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"9","article-title":"Supervised classification applied to vegetation in the Bar\u00e3o de Melga\u00e7o municipality (Mato Grosso state, Brazil), using MODIS imagery","volume":"38","author":"Bispo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geografia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6711","article-title":"Environmental controls on evapotranspiration from sparse grassland in Mongolia","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.007","article-title":"Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODIS satellite data","volume":"106","author":"Cleugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petropoulos, G.P. (2014). Remote Sensing of Energy Fluxes and Soil Moisture Content, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b15610"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"159","article-title":"Fluxos turbulentos de energia sobre o Pantanal sul mato-grossense","volume":"21","author":"Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-011-0233-0","article-title":"Seasonal patterns of evapotranspiration for a Vochysiadivergens forest in the Brazilian Pantanal","volume":"31","author":"Sanches","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"518","article-title":"Interannual variability of energy flux in atmospheric instability at Pantanal of Mato Grosso-Brazil","volume":"2","author":"Curado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Clim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.20873\/jbb.uft.cemaf.v4n2.galeano","article-title":"Energy balance in a pasture in the Pantanal","volume":"4","author":"Galeano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-453-2011","article-title":"Global land-surface evaporation estimated from satellite-based observations","volume":"15","author":"Miralles","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advwatres.2012.06.005","article-title":"Mapping daily evapotranspiration at Landsat spatial scales during BEAREX'08 field campaign","volume":"50","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"159","article-title":"Using remote sensing energy balance and evapotranspiration to characterize montane landscape vegetation with focus on grass and pasture lands","volume":"21","author":"Cunha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2006.11.006","article-title":"On the utilization of ENVISAT AATSR data for geological\/hydrological applications","volume":"60","author":"Majumdar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Astron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00253-4","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) 1. Formulation","volume":"212\u2013213","author":"Bastiaansssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1909(99)00128-8","article-title":"S-SEBI: A simple remote sensing algorithm to estimate the surface energy balance","volume":"25","author":"Roerink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-6-85-2002","article-title":"The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.09.016","article-title":"Reviewing SEBAL input parameters for assessing evapotranspiration and water productivity for the Low-Middle S\u00e3o Francisco River basin, Brazil Part A: Calibration and validation","volume":"149","author":"Teixeira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-204X2012000900007","article-title":"Geotecnologias aplicadas \u00e0 avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de par\u00e2metros biof\u00edsicos do Pantanal","volume":"47","author":"Andrade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pesquisa Agropecu\u00e1ria Brasileira"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083849","article-title":"Estimating riparian and agricultural actual evapotranspiration by reference evapotranspiration and MODIS enhanced vegetation index","volume":"5","author":"Nagler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041588","article-title":"Estimating crop coefficients using remote sensing-based vegetation index","volume":"5","author":"Kamble","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(395)","article-title":"Satellite-based energy balance for mapping evapotranspiration with internalized calibration (METRIC)\u2014Applications","volume":"133","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.3390\/rs0251287","article-title":"Determining regional actual evapotranspiration of irrigated and natural vegetation in the S\u00e3o Francisco river basin (Brazil) using remote sensing and Penman-Monteith equation","volume":"2","author":"Teixeira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9970","article-title":"Effects of the introduction of rice on evapotranspiration in seasonal wetlands","volume":"28","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.08.011","article-title":"Analysis of energy fluxes and vegetation-atmosphere parameters in irrigated and natural ecosystems of semi-arid Brazil","volume":"362","author":"Teixeira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5115783","article-title":"Large-scale water productivity assessments with MODIS images in a changing semi-arid environment: A Brazilian case study","volume":"11","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954468","article-title":"Narrow-band to broad-band conversion for Meteosat visible channel and broad-band albedo using both AVHRR-1 and -2 channels","volume":"16","author":"Valiente","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Teixeira, A.H. de C., Victoria, D. de C., Andrade, R.G., Leivas, J.F., Bolfe, E.L., and Cruz, C.R. (2014). Coupling MODIS images and agrometeorological data for agricultural water productivity analyses in the Mato Grosso state, Brazil. Proc. SPIE."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, A.H. de C., Hernandez, F.B.T., Andrade, R.G., Leivas, J.F., and Bolfe, E.L. (2014). Energy balance with Landsat images in irrigated central pivots with corn crop in the S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil. Proc. SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2067090"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Hartogensis, O., and de Bruin, H.A.R. (2000). Long-Wave Radiation over Alfafa During the RAPID Field Campaign in Southern Idaho, Univ. of Idaho. Research Report."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712757402","article-title":"Combination theory and equilibrium evaporation","volume":"127","author":"Raupasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Monteith, J.L., and Unsworth, M.H. (1990). Principles of Environmental Physics, Arnold."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709640907","article-title":"Reflection coefficient of natural vegetation, crops and urban surfaces in Nigeria","volume":"96","author":"Oguntoyinbo","year":"1970","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49710644911","article-title":"The albedo of a tropical evergreen forest","volume":"106","author":"Pinker","year":"1980","journal-title":"Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1988.0024","article-title":"Evaporation from Amazonian rain forest","volume":"233","author":"Shuttleworth","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2002.7220","article-title":"Moisture effects on soil reflectance","volume":"66","author":"Lobell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.01.006","article-title":"Micrometeorology and water use of mixed crops in upland West Java, Indonesia","volume":"124","author":"Bruijnzeel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.03.010","article-title":"Energy partitioning and its biophysical controls above a grazing steppe in central Mongolia","volume":"137","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.189","article-title":"Estimating evapotranspiration for a temperate salt marsh Newcastle, Australia","volume":"15","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"81","article-title":"Evaluation of reduction of Pantanal wetlands in 2012","volume":"38","author":"Moraes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geografia"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/14597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:51:26Z","timestamp":1760215886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/14597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs71114597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs71114597","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]}}}