{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:45:29Z","timestamp":1769841929871,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Timely information of soil water content is urgently required for monitoring ecosystem processes and functions at various scales. Although remote sensing has already provided many practical applications of retrieving soil moisture, it is largely limited to visible\/near infrared or microwave domains and few studies have ever been conducted on the thermal infrared. In addition, soil salinization in arid land further complicates the situation when retrieving soil moisture from emitted spectra. In this study, we attempt to fill the knowledge gap by retrieving the soil moisture of saline soils with various salt contents. This was based on lab-controlled experiments for spectroscopy using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (2\u201316 \u00b5m). Partial least squares regression (PLSR) has been applied in analyses based on either original measured or first-order derivative spectra. The results revealed that the PLSR model using first-order derivative spectra, which had a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.71 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.3%, should be recommended for soil moisture estimation, judged from several statistical criteria. As thermal infrared wavelengths identified in this study are contained in several current available satellite sensors, the PLSR models should have great potential for large-scale application despite extensive validations are needed in future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]],"date-time":"2015-11-04T10:46:46Z","timestamp":1446634006000},"page":"14646-14662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Retrieval of Soil Water Content in Saline Soils from Emitted Thermal Infrared Spectra Using Partial Linear  Squares Regression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3923\/jest.2010.195.207","article-title":"The role of moisture in the successful rehabilitation of denuded patches of a semi-arid environment in Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Mganga","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00321-2","article-title":"Field-derived spectra of salinized soils and vegetation as indicators of irrigation-induced soil salinization","volume":"80","author":"Dehaan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-006-0095-3","article-title":"Soil moisture from space: Where are we?","volume":"15","author":"Kerr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.19990","article-title":"Relationship between soil moisture content and soil surface reflectance","volume":"48","author":"Kaleita","year":"2005","journal-title":"T Asae."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Dante, E.M., and Dhruba, P.S. (2001, January 5\u20139). The use of hyperspectral data in identifying \u2018desert-like\u2019 soil surface features in Tabernas area, southeast Spain. 22nd Asian conference on Remote Sensing, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"638","article-title":"A simple method for soil moisture determination from LST-VI feature space using nonlinear interpolation based on thermal infrared remotely sensed data","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J.-Stars"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"46","article-title":"Using global land surface emissivity as soil moisture indicator","volume":"352","author":"Norouzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iahs.-Aish P"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.06.004","article-title":"Estimation of soil moisture using optical\/thermal infrared remote sensing in the Canadian Prairies","volume":"83","author":"Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.018","article-title":"A method to estimate soil moisture from Airborne Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS) and ASTER data: Application to SEN2FLEX and SEN3EXP campaigns","volume":"117","author":"Sobrino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"522","article-title":"Remote sensing of soil moisture using airborne hyperspectral data. GISci","volume":"48","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-14-0039.1","article-title":"Monitoring agricultural risk in Canada using l-band passive microwave soil moisture from SMOS","volume":"16","author":"Champagne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302352","article-title":"Index of soil moisture using raw Landsat image digital count data in Texas high plains","volume":"7","author":"Shafian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-003-0891-1","article-title":"Geostatistical analysis of soil moisture measurements and remotely sensed data at different spatial scales","volume":"45","author":"Romshoo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.3390\/s100100913","article-title":"Analysis of large scale spatial variability of soil moisture using a geostatistical method","volume":"10","author":"Lakhankar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Huang, Q.T., Luo, J.C., Shi, Z., and Li, J.L. (2012, January 2\u20134). An experimental study on paddy soil moisture inversion based on emissive hyperspectra. Proceedings of the 2012 First International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics, Shanghai, China."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-17-1177-2013","article-title":"Spatial variability and its scale dependency of observed and modeled soil moisture over different climate regions","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3122591","article-title":"Soil moisture estimations based on airborne carols l-band microwave data","volume":"3","author":"Parde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4079","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2390219","article-title":"A semiphysical microwave surface emission model for soil moisture retrieval. IEEE Trans. Geosci","volume":"53","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00347-9","article-title":"Relating soil surface moisture to reflectance","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2011.08.012","article-title":"Calibration and validation of salt-resistant hyperspectral indices for estimating soil moisture in arid land","volume":"408","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70303184","article-title":"Improvement of soil moisture retrieval from hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR data using clay content information: From laboratory to field experiments","volume":"7","author":"Baup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789610","article-title":"Soil moisture mapping at regional scales using microwave radiometry: The southern great plains hydrology experiment","volume":"37","author":"Jackson","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1109\/36.992792","article-title":"Subpixel variability of remotely sensed soil moisture: Aninter-comparison study of SAR and ESTAR","volume":"40","author":"Bindlish","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4010247","article-title":"Characterization of rape field microwave emission and implications to surface soil moisture retrievals","volume":"4","author":"Schlenz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2336912","article-title":"Investigating the impact of soil moisture on thermal infrared emissivity using ASTER data","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8250","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708250","article-title":"Estimation of surface soil moisture from thermal infrared remote sensing using an improved trapezoid method","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maekawa, T., Nishihara, O., Aoki, Y., Tsubosaka, K., and Kitamura, S. (1993, January 25). Design challenges of ASTER in thermal infrared spectral region. Proceedings of the Sensor Systems for the Early Earth Observing System Platforms, Orlando, Florida.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.152844"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00231-6","article-title":"The micro fourier transform interferometer (FTIR)\u2014A new field spectrometer for acquisition of infrared data of natural surfaces","volume":"56","author":"Hook","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90099-6","article-title":"Infrared (8\u201314 \u00b5m) remote-sensing of soil particle-size","volume":"42","author":"Salisbury","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"373","article-title":"A field measurement method of spectral emissivity and research on the feature of soil thermal infrared emissivity","volume":"22","author":"Xiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Waves"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90068-9","article-title":"Spectral band selection for the characterization of salinity status of soils","volume":"43","author":"Csillag","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8711","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.549522","article-title":"Interference of salt and moisture on soil reflectance spectra","volume":"32","author":"Farifteh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802036474","article-title":"Linear mixing in thermal infrared temperature retrieval","volume":"29","author":"Mccabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90092-X","article-title":"Emissivity of terrestrial materials in the 8\u201314 \u00b5m atmospheric window","volume":"42","author":"Salisbury","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.08.014","article-title":"Coupling of heat, water vapor, and liquid water fluxes to compute evaporation in bare soils","volume":"362","author":"Bittelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.09.019","article-title":"FTIR spectroscopy can be used as a screening tool for organic matter quality in regenerating cutover peatlands","volume":"40","author":"Artz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1366\/0003702001949131","article-title":"FT-IR spectroscopy of organic matter in tropical soils: Changes induced through deforestation","volume":"54","author":"Haberhauer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-006-0079-5","article-title":"An alternative method to measure carbonate in soils by FT-IR spectroscopy","volume":"5","author":"Tatzber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2039143","article-title":"Soil moisture effect on thermal infrared (8\u201313-\u00b5m) emissivity","volume":"48","author":"Mira","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2004.10.006","article-title":"Evaluation of current statistical approaches for predictive geomorphological mapping","volume":"67","author":"Luoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-014-1381-z","article-title":"Comparison of partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal components regression (PCR) methods for protein and hardness predictions using the near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral images of bulk samples of Canadian wheat","volume":"8","author":"Mahesh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess. Tech."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7439(01)00155-1","article-title":"PLS-regression: A basic tool of chemometrics","volume":"58","author":"Wold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemometr. Intell. Lab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.1062","article-title":"Finding y-relevant part of x by use of PCR and PLSR model reduction methods","volume":"21","author":"Ergon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Chemometr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70302627","article-title":"Assessment of surface soil moisture using high-resolution multi-spectral imagery and artificial neural networks","volume":"7","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5589\/m08-017","article-title":"Soil salt content estimation in the Yellow River delta with satellite hyperspectral data","volume":"34","author":"Weng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2013.06.002","article-title":"Estimating soil salinity in pingluo county of china using quickbird data and soil reflectance spectra","volume":"26","author":"Sidike","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1109\/79.974727","article-title":"Spectral unmixing","volume":"19","author":"Keshava","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Signal. Proc. Mag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699211462","article-title":"Iterative spectral unmixing (ISU)","volume":"20","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Singh, D. (2005, January 25\u201329). Polarization discrimination ratio approach to retrieve bare soil moisture at X-band. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2005.12.002","article-title":"Determining soil water status and other soil characteristics by spectral proximal sensing","volume":"135","author":"Dematte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.1547","article-title":"Seasonal and annual variation in transpiration of a dominant desert species, Haloxylon ammodendron, in Central Asia up-scaled from sap flow measurement","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1360\/03yd9006","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variation and stability of the oasis in the Sangong River watershed, Xinjiang, China","volume":"46","author":"Luo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.744859","article-title":"Retrieval of chlorophyll for assimilating branches of a typical desert plant through inversed radiative transfer models","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"D&P instruments. Available online: http:\/\/www.dpinstruments.com."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(91)90068-H","article-title":"Spatial variability of land surface emissivity in the thermal infrared band: Spectral signature and effective surface temperature","volume":"38","author":"Labed","year":"1991","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2009.06.002","article-title":"Accounting for surface roughness effects in the near-infrared reflectance sensing of soils","volume":"152","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.822","article-title":"Robust methods for partial least squares regression","volume":"17","author":"Hubert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chemometr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-128X(200009\/12)14:5\/6<585::AID-CEM627>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Multivariate image regression (MIR): Implementation of image PLSR-first forays","volume":"14","author":"Lied","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chemometr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00162a020","article-title":"Partial least-squares methods for spectral analyses .1. Relation to other quantitative calibration methods and the extraction of qualitative information","volume":"60","author":"Haaland","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2003.817107","article-title":"Sparse mzodeling using orthogonal forward regression with PRESS statistic and regularization","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. B"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2419225","article-title":"Inverse retrieval of chlorophyll from reflected spectra for assimilating branches of drought-tolerant tamarix ramosissima","volume":"8","author":"Sinan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10114","DOI":"10.3390\/s111110114","article-title":"Development of a rapid soil water content detection technique using active infrared thermal methods for in-field applications","volume":"11","author":"Antonucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kotz, S., and Johnson, N. (1992). Breakthroughs in Statistics, Springer New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2009.12.025","article-title":"Using data mining to model and interpret soil diffuse reflectance spectra","volume":"158","author":"Rossel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.2.297","article-title":"Regression and time-series model selection in small samples","volume":"76","author":"Hurvich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj2001.652480x","article-title":"Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy-principal components regression analyses of soil properties","volume":"65","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70201181","article-title":"Digital mapping of soil properties using multivariate statistical analysis and ASTER data in an arid region","volume":"7","author":"Nawar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00131-7","article-title":"Reflectance measurement of canopy biomass and nitrogen status in wheat crops using normalized difference vegetation indices and partial least squares regression","volume":"86","author":"Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.743693","article-title":"Influence of soil moisture content on spectral reflectance of bare soils in the 0.4\u201314 \u03bcm domain","volume":"34","author":"Lesaignoux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F4","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JF000749","article-title":"Influence of soil water content on the thermal infrared emissivity of bare soils: Implication for land surface temperature determination","volume":"112","author":"Mira","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4113265","article-title":"Applicability of the thermal infrared spectral region for the prediction of soil properties across semi-arid agricultural landscapes","volume":"4","author":"Eisele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/535646","article-title":"Investigations into soil composition and texture using infrared spectroscopy (2\u201314 \u03bcm)","volume":"2012","author":"Hewson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.04.001","article-title":"Advantages using the thermal infrared (TIR) to detect and quantify semi-arid soil properties","volume":"163","author":"Eisele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3316","DOI":"10.1021\/jz401508t","article-title":"Get the basics right: Jacobian conversion of wavelength and energy scales for quantitative analysis of emission spectra","volume":"4","author":"Mooney","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.02.002","article-title":"Investigating the effects of soil moisture on thermal infrared land surface temperature and emissivity using satellite retrievals and laboratory measurements","volume":"114","author":"Hulley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"7","article-title":"Soil moisture retrieval using multi-channel passive microwave measurements through improved radiative transfer modelling","volume":"352","author":"Sahoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"IAHS-AISH Publ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, X.W., Anderson, M., and Liu, J.C. (2010, January 25\u201330). Merging thermal and microwave satellite observations for a high-resolution soil moisture data product. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5652038"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2006.11.007","article-title":"Changes in the first derivatives of leaf reflectance spectra of various plants induced by variations of chlorophyll content","volume":"164","author":"Kochubey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90055-Q","article-title":"High resolution derivative spectra in remote sensing","volume":"33","author":"Steven","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2206367","article-title":"Estimating the optimal broadband emissivity spectral range for calculating surface longwave net radiation","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.008","article-title":"Temperature and emissivity separation from aster data for low spectral contrast surfaces","volume":"110","author":"Coll","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.857886","article-title":"Accurate atmospheric correction of ASTER thermal infrared imagery using the WVS method","volume":"43","author":"Tonooka","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/14646\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:51:26Z","timestamp":1760215886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/11\/14646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs71114646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs71114646","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,4]]}}}