{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T17:27:47Z","timestamp":1772731667676,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]],"date-time":"2015-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A summit and upper flank eruption occurred at Nyamulagira volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo, from 2\u201327 January 2010. Eruptions at Nyamulagira during 1996\u20132010 occurred from eruptive fissures on the upper flanks or within the summit caldera and were distributed along the ~N155E rift zone, whereas the 2011\u20132012 eruption occurred ~12 km ENE of the summit. 3D numerical modeling of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) geodetic measurements of the co-eruptive deformation in 2010 reveals that magma stored in a shallow (~3.5 km below the summit) reservoir intruded as two subvertical dikes beneath the summit and southeastern flank of the volcano. The northern dike is connected to an ~N45E-trending intra-caldera eruptive fissure, extending to an ~2.5 km maximum depth. The southern dike is connected to an ~N175E-trending flank fissure extending to the depth of the inferred reservoir at ~3.5 km. The inferred reservoir location is coincident with the reservoir that was active during previous eruptions in 1938\u20131940 and 2006. The volumetric ratio of total emitted magma (intruded in  dikes + erupted) to the contraction of the reservoir (rv) is 9.3, consistent with pressure recovery by gas exsolution in the small, shallow modeled magma reservoir. We derive a modified analytical expression for rv, accounting for changes in reservoir volume induced by gas exsolution, as well as eruptive volume. By using the precise magma composition, we estimate a magma compressibility of 1.9\u20133.2 \u00d7 109 Pa\u22121 and rv of 6.5\u201310.1. From a normal-stress change analysis, we infer that intrusions in 2010 could have encouraged the ascent of magma from a deeper reservoir along an ~N45E orientation, corresponding to the strike of the rift transfer zone structures and possibly resulting in the 2011\u20132012 intrusion. The intrusion of magma to greater distances from the summit may be enhanced along the N45E orientation, as it is more favorable to the regional rift extension (compared to the local volcanic rift zone, trending N155E). Repeated dike intrusions beneath Nyamulagira\u2019s SSE flank may encourage intrusions beneath the nearby Nyiragongo volcano.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71115179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T03:52:35Z","timestamp":1447386755000},"page":"15179-15202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Magma Pathways and Their Interactions Inferred from InSAR and Stress Modeling at Nyamulagira Volcano, D.R. Congo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Christelle","family":"Wauthier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA"},{"name":"Institute for CyberScience, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16801, USA"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Cayol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSPT3, LMV-LTL, The Lyon University, Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet-CNRS-IRD, Saint-Etienne 42023, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal-CNRS-IRD, OPGC,  Clermont-Ferrand 63038, France"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Smets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium"},{"name":"European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology, Walferdange 7256, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren 3080, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3192-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"D\u2019Oreye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology, Walferdange 7256, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Department of Geophysics\/Astrophysics, National Museum of Natural History,  Luxembourg 2160, Luxembourg"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Kervyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren 3080, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01637099","article-title":"Volcanoes as possible indicators of tectonic stress orientation\u2014Aleutians and Alaska","volume":"115","author":"Nakamura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pure Appl. 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