{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T06:43:24Z","timestamp":1775544204696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]],"date-time":"2015-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Project of State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography","award":["No. SOEDZZ1515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. SOEDZZ1515"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.41476157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.41476157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The validation of sea surface temperature (SST) retrieved from the new sensor Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Satellite is essential for the interpretation, use, and improvement of the new generation SST product. In this study, the magnitude and characteristics of uncertainties in S-NPP VIIRS SST produced by the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO) are investigated. The NAVO S-NPP VIIRS SST and eight types of quality-controlled in situ SST from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in situ Quality Monitor (iQuam) are condensed into a Taylor diagram. Considering these comparisons and their spatial coverage, the NAVO S-NPP VIIRS SST is then validated using collocated drifters measured SST via a three-way error analysis which also includes SST derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) onboard AQUA. The analysis shows that the NAVO S-NPP VIIRS SST is of high accuracy, which lies between the drifters measured SST and AQUA MODIS SST. The histogram of NAVO S-NPP VIIRS SST root-mean-square error (RMSE) shows normality in the range of 0\u20130.6 \u00b0C with a median of ~0.31 \u00b0C. Global distribution of NAVO VIIRS SST shows pronounced warm biases up to 0.5 \u00b0C in the Southern Hemisphere at high latitudes with respect to the drifters measured SST, while near-zero biases are observed in AQUA MODIS. It means that these biases may be caused by the NAVO S-NPP VIIRS SST retrieval algorithm rather than the nature of the SST. The reasons and correction for this bias need to be further studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71215881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]],"date-time":"2015-12-18T10:15:04Z","timestamp":1450433704000},"page":"17234-17245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Validation of S-NPP VIIRS Sea Surface Temperature Retrieved from NAVO"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Qianguang","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Delu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5022-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengzhou","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2009.64","article-title":"The godae high-resolution sea surface temperature pilot project","volume":"22","author":"Donlon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, S.L., Wick, G.A., Jackson, D.L., and Emery, W.J. (2008). Error characterization of infrared and microwave satellite sea surface temperature products for merging and analysis. J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003829"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1824.1","article-title":"Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature","volume":"20","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.10.017","article-title":"The operational sea surface temperature and sea ice analysis (ostia) system","volume":"116","author":"Donlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, C., Xiong, J., Blonski, S., Liu, Q., Uprety, S., Shao, X., Bai, Y., and Weng, F. (2013). Suomi npp viirs sensor data record verification, validation, and long-term performance monitoring. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118.","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020418"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2247768","article-title":"Early on-orbit performance of the visible infrared imaging radiometer suite onboard the suomi national polar-orbiting partnership (s-npp) satellite","volume":"52","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.05.021","article-title":"Suomi npp viirs reflective solar band on-orbit radiometric stability and accuracy assessment using desert and antarctica dome c sites","volume":"166","author":"Uprety","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5983","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2430814","article-title":"On-orbit radiometric calibration of suomi npp viirs reflective solar bands through observations of a sunlit solar diffuser panel","volume":"53","author":"Lei","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20205","article-title":"Avhrr, MODIS, and VIIRS radiometric stability and consistency in sst bands","volume":"118","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12215","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70912215","article-title":"Quality assessment of s-npp viirs land surface temperature product","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4580","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020637","article-title":"Evaluation and selection of sst regression algorithms for jpss viirs","volume":"119","author":"Petrenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie, B., May, D., Cayula, J.-F., and Willis, K. (2012). Initial results of npp viirs sst processing at navoceano. Ocean Sens. Monit. IV, 8372.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.922955"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cayula, J.-F.P., May, D.A., McKenzie, B.D., and Willis, K.D. (2013). Viirs-derived sst at the naval oceanographic office: From evaluation to operation. Ocean Sens. Monitor. V, 8724.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2017965"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC000246","article-title":"Accuracy of in situ sea surface temperatures used to calibrate infrared satellite measurements","volume":"106","author":"Emery","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, F., and Ignatov, A. (2010). Evaluation of in situ sea surface temperatures for use in the calibration and validation of satellite retrievals. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JC006129"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-8-1197","article-title":"The global ocean data assimilation experiment high-resolution sea surface temperature pilot project","volume":"88","author":"Donlon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"S-NPP VIIRS L2P Sea Surface Temperature from NAVO, Available online: ftp.nodc.noaa.gov\/pub.data.nodc\/ghrsst\/L2P\/VIIRS_NPP\/NAVO."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Brown, O.B., Minnett, P.J., Evans, R., Kearns, E., Kilpatrick, K., Kumar, A., Sikorski, R., and Z\u00e1vody, A. (1999). Modis Infrared Sea Surface Temperature Algorithm Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document Version 2.0, University of Miami."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"OceanColor documents Available online: http:\/\/oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov\/DOCS\/modis_sst\/."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2014","article-title":"Implementation of sst processing within the obpg","volume":"4","author":"Franz","year":"2006","journal-title":"\u00daltimo Acceso"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1988)027<0115:NMAFES>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Nonlinear multichannel algorithms for estimating sea surface temperature with AVHRR satellite data","volume":"27","author":"Walton","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"AQUA MODIS L2P Sea Surface Temperature from JPL, Available online: ftp.nodc.noaa.gov\/pub\/data.nodc\/ghrsst\/L2P\/MODIS_A\/JPL."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00121.1","article-title":"In situ SST quality monitor (i quam)","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Ignatov, A., and Xu, F. (2013, January 17). In situ SST quality monitor: From iquam version 1 to version 2. Proceedings of the 14th GHRSST Meeting, Woods Hole, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2009.36","article-title":"The argo program observing the global ocean with profiling floats","volume":"22","author":"Roemmich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-007-0063-0","article-title":"Diurnal sea surface temperature variation and its impact on the atmosphere and ocean: A review","volume":"63","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7183","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900719","article-title":"Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram","volume":"106","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<0353:TIVOSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Toward improved validation of satellite sea surface skin temperature measurements for climate research","volume":"15","author":"Donlon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sybrandy, A., Niiler, P., Martin, C., Scuba, W., Charpentier, E., and Meldrum, D. (2009). Global Drifter Programme Drifter Design Reference, Data Buoy Cooperation Panel. DBCP Report."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7755","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC03180","article-title":"Toward the true near-surface wind speed: Error modeling and calibration using triple collocation","volume":"103","author":"Stoffelen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JTECHO542.1","article-title":"Three-way error analysis between aatsr, amsr-e, and in situ sea surface temperature observations","volume":"25","author":"Eyre","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009716","article-title":"Three way validation of MODIS and AMSR-E sea surface temperatures","volume":"119","author":"Gentemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Minnett, P.J. (2010). Oceanography from Space, Springer."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/12\/15881\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:54:20Z","timestamp":1760216060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/7\/12\/15881"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs71215881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs71215881","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]]}}}