{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T09:28:36Z","timestamp":1773653316070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]],"date-time":"2015-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tropospheric and stratospheric temperature trends and uncertainties in the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) model simulations in the period of 1979\u20132005 have been compared with satellite observations. The satellite data include those from the Stratospheric Sounding Units (SSU), Microwave Sounding Units (MSU), and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU). The results show that the CMIP5 model simulations reproduced the common stratospheric cooling (\u22120.46\u2013\u22120.95 K\/decade) and tropospheric warming (0.05\u20130.19 K\/decade) features although a significant discrepancy was found among the individual models being selected. The changes of global mean temperature in CMIP5 simulations are highly consistent with the SSU measurements in the stratosphere, and the temporal correlation coefficients between observation and model simulations vary from 0.6\u20130.99 at the 99% confidence level. At the same time, the spread of temperature mean in CMIP5 simulations increased from stratosphere to troposphere. Multiple linear regression analysis indicates that the temperature variability in the stratosphere is dominated by radioactive gases, volcanic events and solar forcing. Generally, the high-top models show better agreement with observations than the low-top model, especially in the lower stratosphere. The CMIP5 simulations underestimated the stratospheric cooling in the tropics and overestimated the cooling over the Antarctic compared to the satellite observations. The largest spread of temperature trends in CMIP5 simulations is seen in both the Arctic and Antarctic areas, especially in the stratospheric Antarctic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]],"date-time":"2015-12-24T10:03:53Z","timestamp":1450951433000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Use of SSU\/MSU Satellite Observations to Validate Upper Atmospheric Temperature Trends in CMIP5 Simulations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lilong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Najing 210044, China"},{"name":"Global Environment and Natural Resources Institute (GENRI), College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, WV 22030, USA"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Environment and Natural Resources Institute (GENRI), College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, WV 22030, USA"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOAA\/NESDIS\/STAR, College Park, ML 20740, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Najing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Donghai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15807","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022924","article-title":"Changes in the strength of the brewer\u2013dobson circulation in a simple AGCM","volume":"32","author":"Eichelberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. 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