{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:26:38Z","timestamp":1760243198108,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]],"date-time":"2015-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To date, digital terrain model (DTM) accuracy has been studied almost exclusively by computing its height variable. However, the largely ignored horizontal component bears a great influence on the positional accuracy of certain linear features, e.g., in hydrological features. In an effort to fill this gap, we propose a means of measurement different from the geomatic approach, involving fluid mechanics (water and air flows) or aerodynamics. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) algorithm is proposed as an estimator of horizontal differences between digital elevation models (DEM) in grid format. After applying a scale factor to the displacement estimated by the PIV algorithm, the mean error predicted is around one-seventh of the cell size of the DEM with the greatest spatial resolution, and around one-nineteenth of the cell size of the DEM with the least spatial resolution. Our methodology allows all kinds of DTMs to be compared once they are transformed into DEM format, while also allowing comparison of data from diverse capture methods, i.e., LiDAR versus photogrammetric data sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]],"date-time":"2015-12-24T10:03:53Z","timestamp":1450951433000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Estimating Horizontal Displacement between DEMs by Means of Particle Image Velocimetry Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Reinoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Graphic Expression and Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Graphic Expression and Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Mataix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Graphic Expression and Engineering, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/136588197242464","article-title":"Resolution and accuracy of terrain representation by grid DEMs at a micro-scale","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-8663(86)90002-5","article-title":"A comparative test of photogrammetrically sampled digital elevation models","volume":"41","author":"Torlegard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Photogrammetria"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.06.025","article-title":"Effects of catchment discretization on topographic index distributions","volume":"359","author":"Aryal","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2007.05.003","article-title":"Effect of differing DEM creation methods on the results from a hydrological model","volume":"33","author":"Wise","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"unstructured":"McAlister, E., Domburg, N., Edwards, T., and Ferrier, B. (1996, January 20\u201324). Hydrological modelling of the river Ythan using Arcinfo Grid. Proceedings of Sixteenth Annual ESRI User Conference, California, CA, USA.","key":"ref_5"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2010.01.017","article-title":"A priori horizontal displacement (HD) estimation of hydrological features when versioned DEMs are used","volume":"384","author":"Reinoso","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.10.008","article-title":"An algorithm for automatically computing the horizontal shift between homologous contours from DTMs","volume":"66","author":"Reinoso","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. 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Velocity fields of the \u201cLa Clapiere\u201d landslide measured by the correlation of aerial and QuickBirdsatellite images. Geophys. Res. Lett.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL020193"},{"unstructured":"Vadon, H., and Massonnet, D. (2002, January 24\u201328). Earthquake displacement fields mapped by very precise correlation: Complementarity with radar interferometry. Proceedings of the IEEE 2002 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toronto, ON, Canada.","key":"ref_12"},{"unstructured":"Richard, H., and van der Wall, B.G. (2006, January 12\u201314). Detailed investigation of rotor blade tip vortex in hover condition by 2C and 3C-PIV. 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Available online: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.1092508.","key":"ref_21"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/1\/14\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:54:45Z","timestamp":1760216085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/1\/14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8010014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8010014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,24]]}}}