{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T01:09:19Z","timestamp":1783213759523,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]],"date-time":"2015-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conventional methods for Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrieval are limited to areas with low reflectance such as water or vegetated areas because the satellite signals from the aerosols in these areas are more obvious than those in areas with higher reflectance such as urban and sandy areas. Land Surface Reflectance (LSR) is the key parameter that must be estimated accurately. Most current methods used to estimate AOD are applicable only in areas with low reflectance. It has historically been difficult to estimate the LSR for bright surfaces because of their complex structure and high reflectance. This paper provides a method for estimating LSR for AOD retrieval in bright areas, and the method is applied to AOD retrieval for Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images at 500 m spatial resolution. A LSR database was constructed with the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance product (MOD09A1), and this database was also used to estimate the LSR of Landsat 8 OLI images. The AOD retrieved from the Landsat 8 OLI images was validated using the AOD measurements from four AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) stations located in areas with bright surfaces. The MODIS AOD product (MOD04) was also compared with the retrieved AOD. The results demonstrate that the AOD retrieved with the new algorithm is highly consistent with the AOD derived from ground measurements, and its precision is better than that of MOD04 AOD products over bright areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]],"date-time":"2016-01-05T02:29:07Z","timestamp":1451960947000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval over Bright Areas Using Landsat 8 OLI Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8803-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-3999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Bilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1020-0706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinpeng","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3980-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueting","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geomatics College, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(00)00551-3","article-title":"The transport sector as a source of air pollution","volume":"35","author":"Colvile","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(01)00534-9","article-title":"A chemical speciation of trace metals for fine urban particles","volume":"36","author":"Espinosa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamic issues of urban atmospheric pollution models","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00368-1","article-title":"Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in Milan (Italy) using receptor modelling","volume":"317","author":"Marcazzan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.11.031","article-title":"Optical properties of urban aerosols in the region Bratislava-Vienna I. Methods and tests","volume":"40","author":"Kocifaj","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2011.09.007","article-title":"Valuing the health risks of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta, China","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-1255-2010","article-title":"Validation of a modified AVHRR aerosol optical depth retrieval algorithm over Central Europe","volume":"3","author":"Riffler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-1761-2012","article-title":"Global and regional evaluation of over-land spectral aerosol optical depth retrievals from SeaWiFS","volume":"5","author":"Sayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9296","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50712","article-title":"Enhanced deep blue aerosol retrieval algorithm: The second generation","volume":"118","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2989-2013","article-title":"The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168808954942","article-title":"Algorithm for automatic atmospheric corrections to visible and near-IR satellite imagery","volume":"9","author":"Kaufman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17051","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03988","article-title":"Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer","volume":"102","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3385.1","article-title":"The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products, and validation","volume":"62","author":"Remer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1029\/JD092iD04p04307","article-title":"Satellite sensing of aerosol absorption","volume":"92","author":"Kaufman","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Vermote, E.F., and Vermeulen, A. MODIS ATBD: Atmospheric Correction Algorithm: Spectral Reflectances (MOD09), Version 4.0, April 1999, Available online:http:\/\/modis.gsfc.nasa.gov\/data\/atbd\/atbd_mod08.pdf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS3391.1","article-title":"Evaluation of the MODIS aerosol retrievals over ocean and land during CLAMS","volume":"62","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Second-generation operational algorithm: Retrieval of aerosol properties over land from inversion of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer spectral reflectance","volume":"112","author":"Levy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12673","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020449","article-title":"Suomi-NPP VIIRS aerosol algorithms and data products","volume":"118","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1747-2013","article-title":"Modis 3 km aerosol product: Applications over land in an urban\/suburban region","volume":"6","author":"Munchak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15955","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD12p15955","article-title":"Estimation of Saharan aerosol optical thickness from blurring effects in thematic mapper data","volume":"93","author":"Deschamps","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1109\/36.134072","article-title":"Aerosol retrieval over land from AVHRR data-application for atmospheric correction","volume":"30","author":"Holben","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-8152(01)00047-0","article-title":"Applying SPOT data to estimate the aerosol optical depth and air quality","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Modell. Softw."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"613","article-title":"Multiangle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC): 2. Aerosol algorithm","volume":"116","author":"Lyapustin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.014","article-title":"A Simplified high resolution MODIS Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (SARA) for use over mixed surfaces","volume":"136","author":"Bilal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.07.015","article-title":"Validation and accuracy assessment of a Simplified Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm (SARA) over Beijing under low and high aerosol loadings and dust storms","volume":"153","author":"Bilal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.824067","article-title":"Aerosol properties over bright-reflecting source regions","volume":"42","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.879540","article-title":"Deep blue retrievals of Asian aerosol properties during ACE-Asia","volume":"44","author":"Hsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.11.012","article-title":"A method for integrating MODIS and Landsat data for systematic monitoring of forest cover and change in the Congo Basin","volume":"112","author":"Hansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.03.007","article-title":"A new data fusion model for high spatial-and temporal-resolution mapping of forest disturbance based on Landsat and MODIS","volume":"113","author":"Hilker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.002","article-title":"Toward near real-time monitoring of forest disturbance by fusion of MODIS and Landsat data","volume":"135","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.012","article-title":"Conterminous United States demonstration and characterization of MODIS-based Landsat ETM+ atmospheric correction","volume":"140","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Vermote, E.F., and Kotchenova, S.Y. MOD09 User\u2019s Guide (J\/OL). Available online:http:\/\/modis-sr.ltdri.org."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Vermote, E.F., Tanr\u00e9, D., Deuze, J.L., Herman, M., and Morcrette, J.J. Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum-Vector (6SV). Available online:http:\/\/6s.ltdri.org\/files\/tutorial\/6S_Manual_Part_1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.999171","article-title":"Retrieval of aerosol optical thickness from HJ-1 CCD data based on MODIS-derived surface reflectance","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Chen, L.F. (2011). Quantitative Study and Application of Aerosol Remote Sensing Retrieval, Science Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-010-4134-5","article-title":"Aerosol optical depth retrieval by HJ-1\/CCD supported by MODIS surface reflectance data","volume":"53","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"596","article-title":"HJ-1 terrestrial aerosol data retrieval using deep blue algorithm","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.017","article-title":"Tropical cirrus cloud contamination in sun photometer data","volume":"45","author":"Chew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31333","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900923","article-title":"Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols","volume":"104","author":"Eck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12067","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900014","article-title":"An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: Aerosol optical depth from AERONET","volume":"106","author":"Holben","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00109-7","article-title":"Cloudscreening and quality control algorithms for the AERONET database","volume":"73","author":"Smirnov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20673","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900282","article-title":"A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008479","article-title":"Validation and understanding of Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer aerosol products (C5) using ground-based measurements from the handheld Sun photometer network in China","volume":"112","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v16i1.8885","article-title":"The parameters of atmospheric turbidity","volume":"16","year":"1964","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Levy, R.C. (2007). Retrieval of Tropospheric Aerosol Properties over Land from Visible and Near-Infrared Spectral Reflectance: Application over Maryland. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maryland]."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/1\/23\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:55:05Z","timestamp":1760216105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/1\/23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8010023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8010023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]]}}}