{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T15:04:35Z","timestamp":1760799875951,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]],"date-time":"2016-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present in this work a first assessment of the imaging and topographic mapping capabilities of the InSAeS4 system, which is a single-pass interferometric airborne X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). In particular, we first provide a brief description of the InSAeS4 sensor. Then, we discuss the results of our analysis on the SAR and interferometric SAR products relevant to the first flight-test campaign. More specifically, we have exploited as reference the GPS measurements relevant to nine Corner Reflectors (CRs) deployed over the illuminated area during the campaign and a laser scanner Digital Elevation Model (DEM). From the analysis carried out on the CRs we achieved a mean geometric resolution, for the SAR products, of about 0.14 m in azimuth and 0.49 m in range, a positioning misalignment with standard deviation of 0.07 m in range and 0.08  m in azimuth, and a height error with standard deviation of 0.51  m. From the comparison with the laser scanner DEM we estimated a height error with standard deviation of 1.57 m.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]],"date-time":"2016-01-06T10:05:59Z","timestamp":1452074759000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The InSAeS4 Airborne X-Band Interferometric SAR System: A First Assessment on Its Imaging and Topographic Mapping Capabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Perna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (IREA)\u2014Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli 80124, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria (DI), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli \u201cParthenope\u201d, Napoli 80143, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (IREA)\u2014Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli 80124, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria (DING), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento 82100, Italy"}]},{"given":"Tiago","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradar Ind\u00fastria S\/A, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos (SP), 12244-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Berardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (IREA)\u2014Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli 80124, Italy"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (IREA)\u2014Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli 80124, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria (DI), Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli \u201cParthenope\u201d, Napoli 80143, Italy"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradar Ind\u00fastria S\/A, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos (SP), 12244-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8853-2818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Pauciullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (IREA)\u2014Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli 80124, Italy"}]},{"given":"Eurico","family":"Vaz Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradar Ind\u00fastria S\/A, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos (SP), 12244-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bradar Ind\u00fastria S\/A, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos (SP), 12244-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7296-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Lanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell\u2019Ambiente (IREA)\u2014Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Napoli 80124, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Franceschetti, G., and Lanari, R. (1999). Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing, CRC Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bamler, R., and Hartl, P. (1998). Inverse Problems, IOP Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00124-7","article-title":"The shuttle radar topography mission\u2014A new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar","volume":"57","author":"Rabus","year":"2003","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.900693","article-title":"TanDEM-X: A Satellite Formation for High-Resolution SAR Interferometry","volume":"45","author":"Krieger","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2005.1561888","article-title":"Motion Compensation errors: Effects on the accuracy of airborne SAR images","volume":"41","author":"Fornaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1109\/7.784069","article-title":"Trajectory Deviations in Airborne SAR: Analysis and Compensation","volume":"35","author":"Fornaro","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1109\/36.312891","article-title":"Airborne SAR Processing of highly squinted data using a chirp scaling approach with integrated motion compensation","volume":"32","author":"Moreira","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2005.863391","article-title":"On Center Beam Approximation in SAR Motion Compensation","volume":"3","author":"Fornaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.908871","article-title":"X-Band Airborne Differential Interferometry: Results of the OrbiSAR Campaign over the Perugia Area","volume":"46","author":"Perna","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiroma, G.H.X., de Macedo, K.A.C., Wimmer, C., Fernandes, D., and Barreto, T.L.M. (2014, January 13\u201318). Combining dual-band capability and polinsar technique for forest ground and canopy estimation. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6947515"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Hensley, S., Chapin, E., Freedman, A., Le, C., Madsen, S., Michel, T., Rodriguez, E., Siqueira, P., and Wheeler, K. (2001, January 9\u201313). First P-band results using the Geosar mapping system. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn, R., Nottensteiner, A., Reigber, A., Fischer, J., and Scheiber, R. (2009, January 12\u201317). F-SAR\u2014DLR\u2019s new multifrequency polarimetric airborne SAR. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2009.5418244"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.920911","article-title":"Radar Imaging of Urban Areas by Means of Very High-Resolution SAR and Interferometric SAR","volume":"46","author":"Brenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Dubois-Fernandez, P., du Plessis, O.R., le Coz, D., Dupas, J., Vaizan, B., Dupuis, X., Cantalloube, H., Coloumbeix, C., Titin-Schnaider, C., and Dreuillet, P. (2002, January 24\u201328). The ONERA RAMSES SAR System. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2011.6070278","article-title":"ONERA SAR facilities","volume":"26","author":"Nouvel","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2315896","article-title":"Processing of MEMPHIS Ka-Band Multibaseline Interferometric SAR Data: From Raw Data to Digital Surface Models","volume":"7","author":"Magnard","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1127\/1432-8364\/2013\/0199","article-title":"Advanced high resolution SAR interferometry of urban areas with airborne millimetrewave radar","volume":"6","author":"Schmitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photogramm. Fernerkund. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Schmitt, M., Magnard, C., Brehm, T., and Stilla, U. (2011). Photogrammetric Image Analysis, Springer-Verlag Berlin."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magnard, C., Frioud, M., Small, D., Brehm, T., and Meier, E. (2015). Analysis of a Maximum Likelihood Phase Estimation Method for Airborne Multibaseline SAR Interferometry. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens., in press.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-3-W2-121-2015"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2013.0378","article-title":"Maximum-likelihood based approach for single-pass synthetic aperture radar tomography over urban areas","volume":"8","author":"Schmitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"IET Radar Sonar Navig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perna, S., Berardino, P., Britti, F., Cirillo, C., Esposito, C., Fornaro, G., Lubeck, D., Monaldi, G., Moreira, J., and Pauciullo, A. (2012, January 22\u201327). Capabilities of the TELAER Airborne SAR System Upgraded to the Multi-Antenna Mode. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6351102"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Balanis, C.A. (2005). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Wiley-Interscience. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perna, S., Esposito, C., Pauciullo, A., Romano, P., and Gifuni, A. (2014, January 13\u201318). A fast approach for antenna phase center evaluation. Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2014.6946619"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, M.A., Scheer, J.A., and Holm, W.A. (2010). Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles, SciTech Publishing.","DOI":"10.1049\/SBRA021E"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1109\/36.297981","article-title":"CNES General-Purpose SAR Correlator","volume":"32","author":"Massonnet","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.875787","article-title":"Geometrical SAR image registration","volume":"44","author":"Sansosti","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2363937","article-title":"Phase Offset Calculation for Airborne InSAR DEM Generation Without Corner Reflectors","volume":"53","author":"Perna","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4113\/jom.2008.1003","article-title":"Geomorphological map of the 1944 Vesuvius lava flow (Italy)","volume":"4","author":"Vilardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Maps"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/1\/40\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:17:19Z","timestamp":1760210239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/1\/40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8010040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8010040","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]]}}}