{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:44:16Z","timestamp":1791200656241,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]],"date-time":"2016-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We examined the relationship between satellite measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and several meteorological drought indices, including the multi-time-scale standard precipitation index (SPI) and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), to evaluate the potential of using SIF to monitor and assess drought. We found significant positive relationships between SIF and drought indices during the growing season (from June to September). SIF was found to be more sensitive to short-term SPIs (one or two months) and less sensitive to long-term SPI (three months) than were the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) or the normalized difference water index (NDWI). Significant correlations were found between SIF and PDSI during the growing season for the Great Plains. We found good consistency between SIF and flux-estimated gross primary production (GPP) for the years studied, and synchronous declines of SIF and GPP in an extreme drought year (2012). We used SIF to monitor and assess the drought that occurred in the Great Plains during the summer of 2012, and found that although a meteorological drought was experienced throughout the Great Plains from June to September, the western area experienced more agricultural drought than the eastern area. Meanwhile, SIF declined more significantly than NDVI during the peak growing season. Yet for senescence, during which time the reduction of NDVI still went on, the reduction of SIF was eased. Our work provides an alternative to traditional reflectance-based vegetation or drought indices for monitoring and assessing agricultural drought.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,28]],"date-time":"2016-01-28T02:19:45Z","timestamp":1453947585000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Monitoring and Assessing the 2012 Drought in the Great Plains: Analyzing Satellite-Retrieved Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Drought Indices, and Gross Primary Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8189-4901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3533-9966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lifu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3396-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taixia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2068","article-title":"Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts","volume":"289","author":"Easterling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15144","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505734102","article-title":"Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought","volume":"102","author":"Breshears","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192666","article-title":"Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009","volume":"329","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-83.8.1149","article-title":"A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States","volume":"83","author":"Heim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"3","article-title":"Drought as a natural hazard: Concepts and definitions","volume":"1","author":"Wilhite","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drought"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00174-3","article-title":"Assessing vegetation response to drought in the northern great plains using vegetation and drought indices","volume":"87","author":"Ji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Palmer, W.C. (1965). Meteorological Drought, US Department of Commerce."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., and Kleist, J. (1995). Drought Monitoring with Multiple Time Scales, American Meteorological Society."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., and Kleist, J. (1993). The Relationship of Drought Frequency and Duration to Time Scales, American Meteorological Society."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.07.005","article-title":"Monitoring agricultural drought for arid and humid regions using multi-sensor remote sensing data","volume":"114","author":"Rhee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00067-3","article-title":"NDWI\u2014A normalized difference water index for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space","volume":"58","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1995)076<0655:DOTLIT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Droughts of the late 1980s in the United States as derived from noaa polar-orbiting satellite data","volume":"76","author":"Kogan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Y., Brown, J.F., Verdin, J.P., and Wardlow, B. (2007). A five-year analysis of MODIS NDVI and NDWI for grassland drought assessment over the central great plains of the United States. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL029127"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954231","article-title":"Modelling relationships between NDVI and precipitation during vegetative growth cycles","volume":"15","author":"Di","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217819","article-title":"An assessment of AVHRR\/NDVI-ecoclimatological relations in Nebraska, USA","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083918","article-title":"Evaluating and quantifying the climate-driven interannual variability in global inventory modeling and mapping studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI3G) at global scales","volume":"5","author":"Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.05.006","article-title":"Simple reflectance indices track heat and water stress-induced changes in steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence at the canopy scale","volume":"97","author":"Dobrowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2803-2013","article-title":"Global monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from moderate-spectral-resolution near-infrared satellite measurements: Methodology, simulations, and application to GOME-2","volume":"6","author":"Joiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-2589-2015","article-title":"A linear method for the retrieval of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence from GOME-2 and SCIAMACHY data","volume":"8","author":"Guanter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-637-2011","article-title":"First observations of global and seasonal terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence from space","volume":"8","author":"Joiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2860","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.857906","article-title":"Detection of water stress in orchard trees with a high-resolution spectrometer through chlorophyll fluorescence in-filling of the O2-A band","volume":"43","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.016","article-title":"Imaging chlorophyll fluorescence with an airborne narrow-band multispectral camera for vegetation stress detection","volume":"113","author":"Berni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063201","article-title":"Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence that correlates with canopy photosynthesis on diurnal and seasonal scales in a temperate deciduous forest","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru191","article-title":"Linking chlorophyll a fluorescence to photosynthesis for remote sensing applications: Mechanisms and challenges","volume":"65","author":"Tyystjarvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.06.008","article-title":"The 2010 russian drought impact on satellite measurements of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Insights from modeling and comparisons with parameters derived from satellite reflectances","volume":"166","author":"Yoshida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1327","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320008111","article-title":"Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence","volume":"111","author":"Guanter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, K., Berry, J., Zhang, Y., Joiner, J., Guanter, L., Badgley, G., and Lobell, D.B. (2015). Improving the monitoring of crop production using spaceborne solar-induced fluorescence. Glob. Chang. Boil., 10.","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13136"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.E., Frankenberg, C., van der Tol, C., Berry, J.A., Guanter, L., Boyce, C.K., Fisher, J.B., Morrow, E., Worden, J.R., and Asefi, S. (2013). Forest production and water stress in Amazonia: Observations from GOSAT chlorophyll fluorescence. Proc. Biol. Sci., 280.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0171"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12664","article-title":"Estimation of vegetation photosynthetic capacity from space-based measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence for terrestrial biosphere models","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Boil."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JG003150","article-title":"Drought onset mechanisms revealed by satellite solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Insights from two contrasting extreme events","volume":"120","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3812.1","article-title":"Evaluation of drought indices based on thermal remote sensing of evapotranspiration over the continental United States","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.06.022","article-title":"The seasonal cycle of satellite chlorophyll fluorescence observations and its relationship to vegetation phenology and ecosystem atmosphere carbon exchange","volume":"152","author":"Joiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.07.002","article-title":"Influence of drought on growing season carbon and water cycling with changing land cover","volume":"213","author":"Logan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.1455","article-title":"Impacts of seasonality and surface heterogeneity on water-use efficiency in mesic grasslands","volume":"7","author":"Brunsell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.10.009","article-title":"Estimation and analysis of gross primary production of soybean under various management practices and drought conditions","volume":"99","author":"Wagle","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.01.011","article-title":"Growing season carbon dioxide exchange in irrigated and rainfed maize","volume":"124","author":"Suyker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer, P.J., and Boyer, J.S. (1995). Water Relations of Plants and Soils, Academic press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012425060-4\/50003-6"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Teare, I.D., and Peet, M.M. (1983). Crop-Water Relations, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/14620316.1996.11515435","article-title":"Responses of young clementine citrus trees to water stress during different phenological periods","volume":"71","author":"Ginestar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0098-8472(03)00059-5","article-title":"Photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and some associated metabolic changes in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) during water stress and recovery","volume":"51","author":"Souza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00041008","article-title":"Heat stress induces in leaves an increase of the minimum level of chlorophyll fluorescence, Fo: A time-resolved analysis","volume":"48","author":"Briantais","year":"1996","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"167","article-title":"Fluorescence, PRI and canopy temperature for water stress detection in cereal crops","volume":"30","author":"Panigada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinform."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.05.003","article-title":"Remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence: Review of methods and applications","volume":"113","author":"Meroni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.07.022","article-title":"Meta-analysis assessing potential of steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence for remote sensing detection of plant water, temperature and nitrogen stress","volume":"168","author":"Rascher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00055.1","article-title":"Causes and predictability of the 2012 great plains drought","volume":"95","author":"Hoerling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6039","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400168101","article-title":"Drought stress and carbon uptake in an amazon forest measured with spaceborne imaging spectroscopy","volume":"101","author":"Asner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2013.01.041","article-title":"NDVI saturation adjustment: A new approach for improving cropland performance estimates in the greater platte river basin, USA","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2046420","article-title":"A field platform for continuous measurement of canopy fluorescence","volume":"48","author":"Daumard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Middleton, E.M., Huemmrich, K.F., Cheng, Y.-B., and Margolis, H.A. (2011). Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeAngelis, A., Dominguez, F., Fan, Y., Robock, A., Kustu, M.D., and Robinson, D. (2010). Evidence of enhanced precipitation due to irrigation over the great plains of the United States. J. Geophys. Res., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD013892"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/2\/61\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:18:25Z","timestamp":1760210305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/2\/61"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8020061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8020061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]]}}}