{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:38:51Z","timestamp":1760549931355,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Total power radiometer has a simple configuration and the best theoretical resolution. Gain fluctuations and calibration errors, however, can induce severe errors in the solved scene brightness temperature. To estimate the overall radiometer performance we present a numerical simulation tool that can be used to determine the radiometric resolution. Our model considers three main components that degrade the radiometric resolution: thermal noise, 1\/f noise and calibration errors. These error sources have long been known to exist, but comprehensive models able to account all these effects quantitatively and accurately in a practical manner have been missing. We have developed a radiometer simulation model that is able to produce radiometer signals that incorporate realistic radiometer effects that show up as noise and other errors in the radiometer video signal. Our simulation tool integrates the fundamental radiometer theories numerically and allows the investigation of different calibration schemes and receiver topologies. The model can be used as a guide for design and optimization as well as for verification of the radiometer performance. Moreover, it can be extended to a much larger and more complex radiometer systems allowing better system level performance estimation and optimization with minimal bread-board implementations. The model mimics real radiometer video data and thus the complete data analysis pipeline can be developed and verified before the real video data is available. In this paper, the model has been applied to a total power radiometer operating in the 52 GHz frequency range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T11:36:13Z","timestamp":1453462573000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Radiometric Resolution Analysis and a Simulation Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Matti","family":"Kaisti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DA-Design OY, Keskuskatu 29, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland"},{"name":"Technology Research Center, University of Turku, Joukahaisenkatu 3, 20520 Turku, Finland"}]},{"given":"Miikka","family":"Altti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DA-Design OY, Keskuskatu 29, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland"}]},{"given":"Torsti","family":"Poutanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DA-Design OY, Keskuskatu 29, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland"},{"name":"Bittium Wireless Ltd., Tutkijantie 8, 90590 Oulu, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Racette, P., and Lang, R.H. (2005). Radiometer design analysis based upon measurement uncertainty. Radio Sci., 40.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004RS003132"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1981.1130283","article-title":"Sensitivity of the total power radiometer with periodic calibration","volume":"29","author":"Hersman","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Poutanen, T. (2005). Map-Making and Power Spectrum Estimation for Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature Anisotropies. [Ph.D Thesis, University of Helsinki]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ulaby, F.T., Moore, R.K., and Fung, A.K. (1981). Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiffert, M., Mennella, A., Burigana, C., Mandolesi, N., Bersanelli, M., Meinhold, P., and Lubin, P. (2002). 1\/f noise and other systematic effects in the Planck-LFI radiometers. Astrophysics, [arXiv:astro-ph\/0206093].","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20020880"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2014.2349873","article-title":"Uncertainty of radiometer calibration loads and its impact on radiometric measurements","volume":"62","author":"Kaisti","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/2\/85\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:18:10Z","timestamp":1760210290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/2\/85"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8020085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8020085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]}}}