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This study integrated a set of existing multi-view, image-processing algorithms, to accurately compute metrics of structural complexity (e.g., ratio of surface to planar area) underwater solely from images. This framework resulted in accurate, high-speed 3D habitat reconstructions at scales ranging from small corals to reef-scapes (10s km2). Structural complexity was accurately quantified from both contemporary and historical image datasets across three spatial scales: (i) branching coral colony (Acropora spp.); (ii) reef area (400 m2); and (iii) reef transect (2 km). At small scales, our method delivered models with &lt;1 mm error over 90% of the surface area, while the accuracy at transect scale was 85.3% \u00b1 6% (CI). Advantages are: no need for an a priori requirement for image size or resolution, no invasive techniques, cost-effectiveness, and utilization of existing imagery taken from off-the-shelf cameras (both monocular or stereo). This remote sensing method can be integrated to reef monitoring and improve our knowledge of key aspects of coral reef dynamics, from reef accretion to habitat provisioning and productivity, by measuring and up-scaling estimates of structural complexity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]],"date-time":"2016-02-04T10:26:22Z","timestamp":1454581582000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Quantifying Multiscale Habitat Structural Complexity: A Cost-Effective Framework for Underwater 3D Modelling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5056-1178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"159 Lexington St. San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3361-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Engineering, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Corke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics@QUT, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 400, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-584X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mumby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Upcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics@QUT, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 400, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.2307\/1932254","article-title":"On bird species-diversity","volume":"42","author":"Macarthur","year":"1961","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2005.00629.x","article-title":"The relationship between fish species richness, abundance and habitat complexity in a range of shallow tropical marine habitats","volume":"66","author":"Gratwicke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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