{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T16:56:22Z","timestamp":1786640182755,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":301,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]],"date-time":"2016-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coral reefs are in decline worldwide and monitoring activities are important for assessing the impact of disturbance on reefs and tracking subsequent recovery or decline. Monitoring by field surveys provides accurate data but at highly localised scales and so is not cost-effective for reef scale monitoring at frequent time points. Remote sensing from satellites is an alternative and complementary approach. While remote sensing cannot provide the level of detail and accuracy at a single point than a field survey, the statistical power for inferring large scale patterns benefits in having complete areal coverage. This review considers the state of the art of coral reef remote sensing for the diverse range of objectives relevant for management, ranging from the composition of the reef: physical extent, benthic cover, bathymetry, rugosity; to environmental parameters: sea surface temperature, exposure, light, carbonate chemistry. In addition to updating previous reviews, here we also consider the capability to go beyond basic maps of habitats or environmental variables, to discuss concepts highly relevant to stakeholders, policy makers and public communication: such as biodiversity, environmental threat and ecosystem services. A clear conclusion of the review is that advances in both sensor technology and processing algorithms continue to drive forward remote sensing capability for coral reef mapping, particularly with respect to spatial resolution of maps, and synthesis across multiple data products. Both trends can be expected to continue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T13:45:23Z","timestamp":1455025523000},"page":"118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":367,"title":["Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs for Monitoring and Management: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Hedley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Computer Science Ltd., Raymond Penny House, Tiverton, Devon EX16 6LR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Roelfsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iliana","family":"Chollett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smithsonian Marine Station, Smithsonian Institution, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair","family":"Harborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Spatial Ecology Laboratory and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 Northeast 151 Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Heron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Global Science and Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20770, USA"},{"name":"Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science, Technology and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scarla","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophysical Oceanography Group, Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Skirving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Global Science and Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20770, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Global Science and Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20770, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Eakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA"},{"name":"Global Science and Technology, Inc., Greenbelt, MD 20770, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Ticzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines-Los Ba\u00f1os College, Laguna, 4031, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Bejarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, Bremen 28359, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mumby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Spatial Ecology Laboratory and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02691","article-title":"Confronting the coral reef crisis","volume":"429","author":"Bellwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086050","article-title":"Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals","volume":"301","author":"Gardner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085706","article-title":"Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems","volume":"301","author":"Pandolfi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622b","DOI":"10.1126\/science.297.5587.1622b","article-title":"Survey confirms 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