{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T18:07:55Z","timestamp":1767895675171,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]],"date-time":"2016-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has been adopted as a spaceborne geodetic tool to successfully measure surface deformation of a few well-known landslides in the Three Gorges area. In consideration of the fact that most events of slope failure happened at places other than those famous landslides since the reservoir impoundment in 2003, focusing on a limited number of slopes is insufficient to meet the requirements of regional-scale landslide disaster prevention and early warning. As a result, it has become a vital task to evaluate the overall stability of slopes across the vast area of Three Gorges using wide-coverage InSAR datasets. In this study, we explored the approach of carrying out joint analysis of multi-path InSAR data stacks for wide-area landslide deformation mapping. As an example, three ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite) PALSAR (Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar) data stacks of neighboring ascending paths covering the area along the Yangtze River from Fengjie to Zigui were analyzed. A key problem to be solved is the separation of the tropospheric signal from the interferometric phase, for which we employed a hybrid description model of the atmospheric phase screen (APS) to improve APS estimation from time series interferograms. The estimated atmospheric phase was largely correlated with the seasonal rainfall in the temporal dimension. The experimental results show that about 30 slopes covering total areas of 48 km2 were identified to be landslides in active deformation and should be kept under routine surveillance. Analyses of time series displacement measurements revealed that most landslides in the mountainous area far away from Yangtze River suffered from linear deformation, whereas landslides located on the river bank were destabilized predominantly by the influences of reservoir water level fluctuation and rainfall.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,9]],"date-time":"2016-02-09T13:45:23Z","timestamp":1455025523000},"page":"136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Wide-Area Landslide Deformation Mapping with Multi-Path ALOS PALSAR Data Stacks: A Case Study of Three Gorges Area, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuguo","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingsheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menghua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for Geospatial Technology, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cory","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SAIT Polytechnic, 1301-16 Avenue NW Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2M 0L4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., and Li, T. (2009). Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir, China, Springer Berlin.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00132-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2013.08.013","article-title":"Landslide susceptibility mapping based on rough set theory and support vector machines: A case of the Three Gorges area, China","volume":"204","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Three Gorges Dam: Into the unknown","volume":"25","author":"Plateau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Differential SAR interferometry using corner reflectors","volume":"2","author":"Xia","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.70.10.1167","article-title":"Landslide monitoring in the Three Gorges area using D-InSAR and corner reflectors","volume":"70","author":"Xia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16302","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034654","article-title":"A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches","volume":"35","author":"Hooper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-011-4259-1","article-title":"Landslide monitoring with high-resolution SAR data in the Three Gorges region","volume":"55","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2160644","article-title":"Repeat-Pass SAR Interferometry With Partially Coherent Targets","volume":"50","author":"Perissin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"253","article-title":"Using advanced InSAR time series techniques to monitor landslide movements in Badong of the Three Gorges region, China","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Observ. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062704","article-title":"Characterization of Landslide Deformations in Three Gorges Area Using Multiple InSAR Data Stacks","volume":"5","author":"Tantianuparp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.976885","article-title":"Deformation monitoring of slow-moving landslide with L- and C-band SAR interferometry","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaioni, M. (2015). Modern Technologies for Landslide Monitoring and Prediction, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45931-7"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03353180","article-title":"Assessment of radar interferometry performance for ground subsidence monitoring due to underground mining","volume":"61","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space (EPS)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2013.12.017","article-title":"Mechanism of the slow-moving landslides in Jurassic red-strata in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China","volume":"171","author":"Miao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-011-2100-0","article-title":"Analysis and modeling of slope stability in the Three-Gorges Dam reservoir (China)\u2014The case of Huangtupo landslide","volume":"8","author":"Cojean","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mountain Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-008-0130-7","article-title":"Mechanism for the rapid motion of the Qianjiangping landslide during reactivation by the first impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam reservoir, China","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.029","article-title":"Slope deformation prior to Zhouqu, China landslide from InSAR time series analysis","volume":"156","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8973","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708973","article-title":"ALOS\/PALSAR InSAR Time series Analysis for Detecting Very Slow-Moving Landslides in Southern Kyrgyzstan","volume":"7","author":"Teshebaeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8925","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708925","article-title":"Large-Area Landslides Monitoring Using Advanced Multi-Temporal InSAR Technique over the Giant Panda Habitat, Sichuan, China","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2014.03.003","article-title":"Investigating landslides and unstable slopes with satellite Multi Temporal Interferometry: Current issues and future perspectives","volume":"174","author":"Wasowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.002737","article-title":"Phase unwrapping in three dimensions with application to InSAR time series","volume":"24","author":"Hooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2273374","article-title":"A novel multitemporal InSAR model for joint estimation of deformation rates and orbital errors","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2046883","article-title":"Time series InSAR Applications Over Urban Areas in China","volume":"4","author":"Perissin","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.03.008","article-title":"Improved topographic mapping through high-resolution SAR interferometry with atmospheric effect removal","volume":"80","author":"Liao","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.12.003","article-title":"Assessments of land subsidence in the Gippsland Basin of Australia using ALOS PALSAR data","volume":"159","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2010.01.003","article-title":"Advanced low- and full-resolution DInSAR map generation for slow-moving landslide analysis at different scales","volume":"112","author":"Cascini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Qiao, J., and Wang, M. (2009). Landslide Disaster Mitigation in Three Gorges Reservoir, China, Springer."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Gui, L. (2014). Research on Landslide Development Regularities and Risk in Wan Zhou District, Three Gorges Reservoir. [PhD Thesis, China University of Geosciences]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.07.020","article-title":"Landslide hazard assessment in the Three Gorges area, China, using ASTER imagery: Wushan\u2013Badong","volume":"84","author":"Fourniadis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2003.12.004","article-title":"Landslide hazard assessment in the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze river using ASTER imagery: Zigui\u2013Badong","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, G. (2010). Sciences of Geodesy\u2014I, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11741-1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-012-1948-9","article-title":"Correlation between incompetent beds and slope deformation at Badong town in the Three Gorges reservoir, China","volume":"69","author":"Chai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.03.017","article-title":"Landslide deformation monitoring using point-like target offset tracking with multi-mode high-resolution TerraSAR-X data","volume":"105","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.003","article-title":"Evaluating sub-pixel offset techniques as an alternative to D-InSAR for monitoring episodic landslide movements in vegetated terrain","volume":"147","author":"Singleton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Singleton, A.G. (2014). Analysing Landslides in the Three Gorges Region (China) Using frequently Acquired SAR Images. [PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow]."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/2\/136\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:18:59Z","timestamp":1760210339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/2\/136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8020136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8020136","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]]}}}