{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T02:06:13Z","timestamp":1772589973471,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]],"date-time":"2016-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS program \u201cInternational network-hub for future earth: research for global sustainability\u201d"},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["15K21086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K21086"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regular monitoring of expanding impervious surfaces areas (ISAs) in urban areas is highly desirable. MODIS data can meet this demand in terms of frequent observations but are lacking in spatial detail, leading to the mixed land cover problem when per-pixel classifications are applied. To overcome this issue, this research develops and applies a spatio-temporal sub-pixel model to estimate ISAs on an annual basis during 2001\u20132013 in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Indonesia. A Random Forest (RF) regression inferred the ISA proportion from annual 23 values of MODIS MOD13Q1 EVI and reference data in which such proportion was visually allocated from very high-resolution images in Google Earth over time at randomly selected locations. Annual maps of ISA proportion were generated and showed an average increase of 30.65 km2\/year over 13 years. For comparison, a series of RF per-pixel classifications were also developed from the same reference data using a Boolean class constructed from different thresholds of ISA proportion. Results from per-pixel models varied when such thresholds change, suggesting difficulty of estimation of actual ISAs. This research demonstrated the advantages of spatio-temporal sub-pixel analysis for annual ISAs mapping and addresses the problem associated with definitions of thresholds in per-pixel approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8020143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]],"date-time":"2016-02-15T06:23:07Z","timestamp":1455517387000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Sub-Pixel Classification of MODIS EVI for Annual Mappings of Impervious Surface Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6333-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narumasa","family":"Tsutsumida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Comber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izuru","family":"Saizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernan","family":"Rustiadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"The dimensions of global urban expansion: Estimates and projections for all countries, 2000\u20132050","volume":"75","author":"Angel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.02.030","article-title":"Remote sensing of impervious surfaces in the urban areas: Requirements, methods, and trends","volume":"117","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.025","article-title":"Urban growth of the Washington, D.C.\u2014Baltimore, MD metropolitan region from 1984 to 2010 by annual, Landsat-based estimates of impervious cover","volume":"129","author":"Sexton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/01944369608975688","article-title":"Lmpervious suface coverage: The emergence of a key environmental indicator","volume":"62","author":"Arnold","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/0160017605275160","article-title":"The Effects of Urban Patterns on Ecosystem Function","volume":"28","author":"Alberti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Reg. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.04.025","article-title":"The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation","volume":"141","author":"Mcdonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2012.12.007","article-title":"Assessing land-use and -cover changes in relation to geographic factors and urban planning in the metropolitan area of Concepci\u00f3n (Chile). Implications for biodiversity conservation","volume":"39","author":"Rojas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.9.1003","article-title":"Urban land-cover change detection through sub-pixel imperviousness mapping using remotely sensed data","volume":"69","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, A., Friedl, M.A., and Potere, D. (2009). A new map of global urban extent from MODIS satellite data. Environ. Res. Lett., 4.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/4\/4\/044003"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2051535","article-title":"Mapping impervious cover using multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data","volume":"4","author":"Knight","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3390\/land2040534","article-title":"Land cover change detection in Ulaanbaatar using the breaks for additive seasonal and trend method","volume":"2","author":"Tsutsumida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.018","article-title":"Land-cover change detection using multi-temporal MODIS NDVI data","volume":"105","author":"Lunetta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.08.013","article-title":"Land change for all municipalities in Latin America and the Caribbean assessed from 250-m MODIS imagery (2001\u20132010)","volume":"126","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.07.001","article-title":"A scalable approach to mapping annual land cover at 250 m using MODIS time series data: A case study in the Dry Chaco ecoregion of South America","volume":"114","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Cuervo, A.M., Aide, T.M., Clark, M.L., and Etter, A. (2012). Land cover change in Colombia: Surprising forest recovery trends between 2001 and 2010. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043943"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3390\/land2020081","article-title":"Land change in the Greater Antilles between 2001 and 2010","volume":"2","author":"Redo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697219015","article-title":"The pixel: A snare and a delusion","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(96)00095-5","article-title":"Incorporating mixed pixels in the training, allocation and testing stages of supervised classifications","volume":"17","author":"Foody","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/B:LAND.0000021723.24247.ee","article-title":"Landscape metrics with ecotones: Pattern under uncertainty","volume":"19","author":"Arnot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2062173","article-title":"Sub-pixel mapping of tree canopy, impervious surfaces, and cropland in the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin using MODIS time-series data","volume":"4","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.021","article-title":"Generation and analysis of the 2005 land cover map for Mexico using 250m MODIS data","volume":"123","author":"Colditz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00295-4","article-title":"Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment","volume":"80","author":"Foody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.5721\/EuJRS20144723","article-title":"A review of remote sensing image classification techniques: The role of spatio-contextual information","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.05.008","article-title":"Decision tree regression for soft classification of remote sensing data","volume":"97","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160050505883","article-title":"Fully-fuzzy supervised classification of sub-urban land cover from remotely sensed imagery: Statistical and artificial neural network approaches","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214479","article-title":"A fuzzy classification of sub-urban land cover from remotely sensed imagery","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.11.020","article-title":"Mapping the human footprint from satellite measurements in Japan","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.10.010","article-title":"Detection of impervious surface change with multitemporal Landsat images in an urban-rural frontier","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00136-0","article-title":"Estimating impervious surface distribution by spectral mixture analysis","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.09.003","article-title":"Comparison of impervious surface area and normalized difference vegetation index as indicators of surface urban heat island effects in Landsat imagery","volume":"106","author":"Yuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.09.010","article-title":"The use of single-date MODIS imagery for estimating large-scale urban impervious surface fraction with spectral mixture analysis and machine learning techniques","volume":"86","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.10.004","article-title":"Mapping land-cover modifications over large areas: A comparison of machine learning algorithms","volume":"112","author":"Rogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Strahler, A.H., Boschetti, L., Foody, G.M., Friedl, M.A., Hansen, M.C., Herold, M., Mayaux, P., Morisette, J.T., Stehman, S.V., and Woodcock, C.E. Global Land Cover Validation: Recommendations for Evaluation and Accuracy Assessment of Global Land Cover Maps. Available online: https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/display\/20728200."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.10.003","article-title":"Consistency of accuracy assessment indices for soft classification: Simulation analysis","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2002.06.001","article-title":"Linear mixture model applied to Amazonian vegetation classification","volume":"87","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)00098-8","article-title":"Classification of multispectral images based on fractions of endmembers: Application to land-cover change in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"52","author":"Adams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.74.10.1213","article-title":"Subpixel urban land cover estimation: comparing cubist, random forests, and support vector regression","volume":"74","author":"Walton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.03.012","article-title":"Large-area assessment of impervious surface based on integrated analysis of single-date Landsat-7 images and geospatial vector data","volume":"113","author":"Esch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.74.8.1045","article-title":"Comparison of spectral analysis techniques for impervious surface estimation using landsat imagery","volume":"74","author":"Yuan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.08.011","article-title":"Random Forests for land cover classification","volume":"27","author":"Gislason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331269698","article-title":"Random forest classifier for remote sensing classification","volume":"26","author":"Pal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.12.003","article-title":"Random Forest classification of Mediterranean land cover using multi-seasonal imagery and multi-seasonal texture","volume":"121","author":"Atkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.03.007","article-title":"Mapping global land cover in 2001 and 2010 with spatial-temporal consistency at 250 m resolution","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14876","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114876","article-title":"Mapping CORINE land cover from Sentinel-1A SAR and SRTM digital elevation model data using Random Forests","volume":"7","author":"Balzter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"220","article-title":"Continuous field mapping of Mediterranean wetlands using sub-pixel spectral signatures and multi-temporal Landsat data","volume":"28","author":"Reschke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5539\/jsd.v8n1p108","article-title":"Local spatially dependent driving forces of urban expansion in an emerging Asian Megacity: The case of Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek)","volume":"8","author":"Pravitasari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2011.07.003","article-title":"Beyond property: Industrial estates and post-suburban transformation in Jakarta Metropolitan Region","volume":"29","author":"Hudalah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"223","article-title":"Detection of spatial clusters of flood- and landslide-prone areas using local moran index in Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area, Indonesia","volume":"40","author":"Pravitasari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schneider, A., Mertes, C.M., Tatem, A.J., Tan, B., Sulla-Menashe, D., Graves, S.J., Patel, N.N., Horton, J.A., Gaughan, A.E., and Rollo, J.T. (2015). A new urban landscape in East-Southeast Asia, 2000\u20132010. Environ. Res. Lett., 10.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/3\/034002"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Himiyama, Y. (2013). SLUAS Science Report 2013, Institute of Geography, Hokkaido University of Education. Toward Sustainable Landuse in Asia (IV)."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.03.003","article-title":"Mapping global urban areas using MODIS 500-m data: New methods and datasets based on \u201curban ecoregions\u201d","volume":"114","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2004.05.006","article-title":"TIMESAT\u2014A program for analyzing time-series of satellite sensor data","volume":"30","author":"Eklundh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Eklundh, L., and J\u00f6nsson, P. (2012). TIMESAT 3.1 Software Manual, Lund University."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"46","article-title":"Measures of spatio-temporal accuracy for time series land cover data","volume":"41","author":"Tsutsumida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6010209","article-title":"A new tree cover percentage map in Eurasia at 500 m resolution using MODIS data","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2014.06.029","article-title":"Monitoring peri-urbanization in the greater Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area","volume":"53","author":"Kontgis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.006","article-title":"Monitoring land cover change in urban and peri-urban areas using dense time stacks of Landsat satellite data and a data mining approach","volume":"124","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and regression by randomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R. News"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senf, C., Hostert, P., Linden, S., Van Der Berlin, H., and Linden, U. (2012, January 22\u201327). Den Using MODIS time series and random forest classification for mapping land use in South-East Asia. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352560"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Evans, J.S., and Murphy, M.A. rfUtilities. R Package Version 1.0\u20130. Available online: http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rfUtilities."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0879.1","article-title":"Quantifying Bufo boreas connectivity in Yellowstone National Park with landscape genetics","volume":"91","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2011.11.002","article-title":"An assessment of the effectiveness of a Random Forest classifier for land-cover classification","volume":"67","author":"Ghimire","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4236\/ojs.2011.13024","article-title":"Bias of the Random Forest Out-of-Bag (OOB) error for certain input Parameters","volume":"1","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00010-8","article-title":"Design and analysis for Thematic Map Accuracy Assessment","volume":"64","author":"Stehman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.024","article-title":"A review of large area monitoring of land cover change using Landsat data","volume":"122","author":"Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"51","article-title":"The Dynamics of Population, Economic Hegemony and Land Use\/Cover Change of Jabodetabek Region (Jakarta Megacity)","volume":"Volume IV","author":"Himiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Land Use\/Cover Changes in Selected Regions in the World"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.01.006","article-title":"A critical synthesis of remotely sensed optical image change detection techniques","volume":"160","author":"Tewkesbury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2478\/arsa-2014-0008","article-title":"Positional accuracy assessment of Googleearth in Riyadh","volume":"49","author":"Farah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Artif. Satell."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"6","article-title":"Positional accuracy testing of Google Earth","volume":"4","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Multidiscip. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1590\/S1982-21702013000400005","article-title":"Horizontal positional accuracy of Google Earth\u2019s imagery over rural areas: A study case in Tamaulipas, Mexico","volume":"19","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bol. Ciencias Geod."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Permissions\u2014Google: Using Google Maps, Google Earth and Street View. Available online: https:\/\/www.google.com\/permissions\/geoguidelines.html#streetview."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9655","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70809655","article-title":"An evaluation of different training sample allocation schemes for discrete and continuous land cover classification using decision tree-based algorithms","volume":"7","author":"Colditz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.05.003","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of land cover change with imperfect ground reference data","volume":"114","author":"Foody","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1068\/b31135","article-title":"What is land cover?","volume":"32","author":"Comber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.09.005","article-title":"Spatial analysis of remote sensing image classification accuracy","volume":"127","author":"Comber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160512331326521","article-title":"Local characterization of thematic classification accuracy through spatially constrained confusion matrices","volume":"26","author":"Foody","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2012.736694","article-title":"Geographically weighted methods for estimating local surfaces of overall, user and producer accuracies","volume":"4","author":"Comber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Kirmanto, D., Ernawi, I.S., and Djakapermana, R.D. (2012, January 10\u201313). Indonesia green city development program: An urban reform. Proceedings of the 48th ISOCARP Congress 2012, Perm, Russia."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/2\/143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:19:08Z","timestamp":1760210348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/2\/143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8020143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8020143","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,15]]}}}