{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:58:27Z","timestamp":1783641507770,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ground deformation contains important information that can be exploited to look into the dynamics of a geothermal system. In recent years, InSAR has manifested its strong power in the monitoring of ground deformation. In this paper, a multi-temporal InSAR algorithm, WLS InSAR, is employed to monitor and characterize the Yangbajing geothermal field in Tibet, China, using 51 ENVISAT\/ASAR images acquired from two overlapping descending tracks. The results reveal that the WLS InSAR algorithm can suppress the adverse effects of seasonal oscillations, associated with the freezing-thawing cycle of the permafrost in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Deformations of up to 2 cm\/yr resulting from the exploitation of the geothermal resource have been detected in the southern part of the Yangbajing field between 2006 and 2010. A source model inversion of the subsurface geothermal fluids was carried out based on the elastic half-space theory using the accumulated deformations. It was found that most geothermal fluid loss has occurred in the southern part of the shallow reservoir as the pore space beneath the northern part of field was recharged by the ascending flow from the deep layers of the reservoir through well-developed faults in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T10:23:39Z","timestamp":1456482219000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Investigating the Ground Deformation and Source Model of the Yangbajing Geothermal Field in Tibet, China with the WLS InSAR Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4575-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"The basic characteristics of the Yangbajing geothermal field\u2014A typical high temperature geothermal system","volume":"5","author":"Duo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fan, X.P. (2002). Conceptual Model and Assessment of the Yangbajing Geothermal Field, Tibet, China, The United Nations University. Geothermal Training Programme Reports 2002."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B070402-1","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004641","article-title":"Crustal deformation and source models of the Yellowstone volcanic field from geodetic data","volume":"112","author":"Vasco","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Elliott, J.R., Feng, W., Jackson, J.A., Parsons, B.E., and Walters, R.J. (2011). The 2010 Mw 6.8 Yushu (Qinghai, China) earthquake: Constraints provided by InSAR and body wave seismology. J. Geophy. Res., 116.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008358"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100072","article-title":"Investigation of slow-moving landslides from ALOS\/PALSAR images with TCPInSAR: A case study of Oso, USA","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.029","article-title":"Slope deformation prior to Zhouqu, China landslide from InSAR time series analysis","volume":"156","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2014.04.002","article-title":"3-D movement mapping of the alpine glacier in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau by integrating D-InSAR, MAI and Offset-Tracking: Case study of the Dongkemadi Glacier","volume":"118","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.020","article-title":"Mapping ground surface deformation using temporarily coherent point SAR interferometry: Application to Los Angeles Basin","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-014-0757-1","article-title":"Retrieving three-deimensional displacement fields of mining areas from a single InSAR pair","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1471-2","article-title":"Monitoring the land subsidence with persistent scatterer interferometry in Nansha District, Guangdong, China","volume":"75","author":"Ao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A., Segall, P., and Zebker, H. (2007). Persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustal deformation analysis, with application to Volcan Alcedo Galapagos. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004763"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2019125","article-title":"Integration of InSAR time series analysis and water vapour correction for mapping postseismic deformation after the 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2052625","article-title":"Modeling PSInSAR time series without phase unwrapping","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21781","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900169","article-title":"Deformation and seismicity in the Coso geothermal area, Inyo County, California: Observations and modeling using satellite radar interferometry","volume":"105","author":"Fialko","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S327","DOI":"10.5589\/m10-060","article-title":"Time series analysis of subsidence at Tauhara and Ohaaki geothermal fields, New Zealand, observed by ALOS PALSAR interferometry during 2007\u20132009","volume":"36","author":"Samsonov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50314","article-title":"Monitoring deformation at the Geysers Geothermal Field, California using C-band and X-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar","volume":"40","author":"Vasco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1452","article-title":"Monitoring land deformation using PSInSAR with TerraSAR-X high resolution spotlight SAR images","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomat. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.S., Zhang, J.F., Luo, Y., and Gong, L.X. (2013, January 21\u201326). InSAR deformation time series analysis using small-baseline approach. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2013), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723033"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15542","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15542","article-title":"InSAR analysis of surface deformation over permafrost to estimate active layer thickness based on one-dimensional heat transfer model of soils","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"484","article-title":"Spatial-temporal surface deformation of Los Angeles over 2003\u20132007 from weighted least squares DInSAR","volume":"21","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Investigation of the seasonal oscillation of the permafrost over Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with SBAS-InSAR algorithm","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dor, J., and Zhao, P. (June, January 28). Characteristics and genesis of the Yangbajing geothermal field, Tibet. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyushu\u2013Tohoku, Japan."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2007.08.004","article-title":"Major hydrogeochemical processes in the two reservoirs of the Yangbajing geothermal field, Tibet, China","volume":"166","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Volcan. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5293.1688","article-title":"Bright spots, structure, and magmatism in Southern Tibet from INDEPTH seismic reflection profiling","volume":"274","author":"Brown","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916981","article-title":"Least squares-based filter for remote sensing image noise reduction","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-014-1431-x","article-title":"Characterizing sudden geo-hazards in mountainous areas by DInSAR with an enhancement of topographic error correction","volume":"75","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"2320","article-title":"A strategy for modeling and estimating atmospheric phase of SAR","volume":"58","author":"Zhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-6505(01)00036-0","article-title":"Monitoring production using surface deformation: The Hijiori test site and the Okuaizu geothermal field, Japan","volume":"31","author":"Vasco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geothermics"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Stakgold, I. (1979). Green\u2019s Function and Boundary Value Problems, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0750041135","article-title":"Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half space","volume":"75","author":"Okada","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1029\/JB093iB04p03232","article-title":"Using surface displacement and strain observations to determine deformation at depth, with an application to Long Valley Caldera, California","volume":"93","author":"Vasco","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0820021018","article-title":"Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space","volume":"82","author":"Okada","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"195","article-title":"Force at a point in the interior of a semi-infinite solid","volume":"7","author":"Mindlin","year":"1936","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"99","article-title":"Relations between the eruptions of various volcanoes and the deformations of the ground surfaces around them","volume":"36","author":"Mogi","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2118\/3730-PA","article-title":"Land subsidence above compacting oil and gas reservoirs","volume":"25","author":"Geertsma","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Pet. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-012-0563-6","article-title":"3D coseismic displacement of 2010 Darfield, New Zealand earthquake estimated from multi-aperture InSAR and D-InSAR measurements","volume":"86","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2014.02.005","article-title":"Resolving three-dimensional surface displacements from InSAR measurements: A review","volume":"133","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246X.2002.01569.x","article-title":"Geodetic imaging: Reservoir monitoring using satellite interferometry","volume":"149","author":"Vasco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchina, P.J.M. (1996, January 22\u201324). The use of subsidence data to monitor reservoir behavior. Proceedings of the European Petroleum Conference, Milan, Italy.","DOI":"10.2523\/36918-MS"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gete.2015.11.003","article-title":"Application of an ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation to the Bergermeer gas field, using PS-InSAR","volume":"5","author":"Fokker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geomech. Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s10596-012-9333-z","article-title":"Investigation of the sampling performance of ensemble-based methods with a simple reservoir model","volume":"17","author":"Emerick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"283","article-title":"A brief introduction to the geothermal system of the Yangbajain geothermal field","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geolog. Rev."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/3\/191\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:19:46Z","timestamp":1760210386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/3\/191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8030191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8030191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]]}}}