{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:40:21Z","timestamp":1792791621958,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1340548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1340548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1035096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1035096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sedimentation (primarily from human land use) is a major threat to runoff-fed wetlands of the Great Plains of North America (playas), but it is unknown how many playas are turbid, how prevalence of turbidity has changed over time, and how turbidity is related to surrounding land use. We used remotely sensed imagery to assess sedimentation in the waters of over 7700 playa basins in Texas on four dates during a 29-year span: 25 July 1986 (a regionally wet time), 3 May 2014 (during drought), 4 June 2014 (after the drought was broken), and 25 July 2015 (one year post-drought). Even on the wettest date examined, 64% of playa basins did not hold water. Turbidity varied over time, was already present in over half of the basins examined in 1986, and prevalence of turbidity was not simply proportional to overall wet playa abundance. There was an increase in total and irrigated cropland in our focal region and a statistically significant association between sedimentation and land use within 100 m of a playa: clear playas were associated with more urban development and pasture\/grassland, and turbid playas were surrounded mostly by cropland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T10:23:39Z","timestamp":1456482219000},"page":"192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Using Remotely Sensed Imagery to Document How Land Use Drives Turbidity of Playa Waters in Texas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Scott","family":"Starr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Heintzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geospatial Technology, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Barbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geospatial Technology, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"124","article-title":"Sediment, fish, and fish habitat","volume":"27","author":"Ritchie","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1997.96236.x","article-title":"Threats to imperiled freshwater fauna","volume":"11","author":"Richter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00176866","article-title":"The effect of cultivation on sediment composition and deposition in prairie pothole wetlands","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4282","DOI":"10.1021\/es404883s","article-title":"Land use and Conservation Reserve Program effects on the persistence of playa wetlands in the High Plains","volume":"48","author":"Daniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2307\/1311091","article-title":"Playa lakes: Prairie wetlands of the Southern High Plains","volume":"39","author":"Bolen","year":"1989","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2046(94)90046-9","article-title":"The importance of playa wetlands to biodiversity of the Southern High Plains","volume":"28","author":"Haukos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Smith, L.M. (2003). Playas of the Great Plains, University of Texas Press."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(02)00067-3","article-title":"Hydrogeologic processes in saline systems: Playas, sabkhas, and saline lakes","volume":"58","author":"Yechieli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser, L.H., and Keddy, P.A. (2005). The World\u2019s Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542091"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batzer, D.P., and Baldwin, A.H. (2012). Wetland Habitats of North America: Ecology and Conservation Concerns, University of California Press.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520951419"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4134","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215404110","article-title":"Recent land use change in the Western Corn Belt threatens grasslands and wetlands","volume":"110","author":"Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrh.2014.07.001","article-title":"Status of wetlands in India: A review of extent, ecosystem benefits, threats and management strategies","volume":"2","author":"Bassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Haukos, D.A., and Smith, L.M. (1992). Fish and Wildlife Leaflet 13.3.7, Waterfowl Management Handbook, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Vasilas, L.M., Hurt, G.W., and Noble, C.V. (2010). Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Version 7.0."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Graves, L.L. (1986). Lubbock: From Town to City, West Texas Museum Association."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Luo, H.-R. (1994). Effects of Land Use on Sediment Deposition in Playas. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Texas Tech University]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2014.05.006","article-title":"Hydrological dynamics of temporary wetlands in the southern Great Plains as a function of surrounding land use","volume":"109","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"USDA Census of Agriculture, Available online: http:\/\/www.agcensus.usda.gov."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1672\/0277-5212(2003)023[0577:PAFIOW]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Past and future impacts of wetland regulations on playas","volume":"23","author":"Haukos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.13031\/2013.26454","article-title":"Long-term irrigation trends\u2014Texas High Plains","volume":"6","author":"Musick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Agric."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1672\/0277-5212(2007)27[683:IOLUAW]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influences of land use and wetland characteristics on water loss rates and hydroperiods of playas in the Southern High Plains, USA","volume":"27","author":"Tsai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.01.035","article-title":"Effects of agricultural tillage and sediment accumulation on emergent plant communities in playa wetlands of the U.S. High Plains","volume":"120","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Z., Gu, Y., Drahota, J., LaGrange, T., Bishop, A., and Kuzila, M.S. (2015). Using fly ash as a marker to quantify culturally-accelerated sediment accumulation in playa wetlands. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc.","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.12347"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03161747","article-title":"Sources of recently deposited sediments in playa wetlands","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(1997)007[0247:EOSOPW]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of sedimentation on playa wetland volume","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-010-0117-8","article-title":"Vegetation and land use impact on water loss rate in playas of the Southern High Plains","volume":"30","author":"Tsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2014.08.013","article-title":"Land use effects on sedimentation and water storage volume in playas of the rainwater basin of Nebraska","volume":"42","author":"Daniel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.07.014","article-title":"Physical loss and modification of Southern Great Plains playas","volume":"112","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-011-0177-4","article-title":"Loss of playa wetlands caused by reclassification and remapping of hydric soils on the Southern High Plains","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, L.M., Haukos, D.A., McMurry, S.T., LaGrange, T., and Willis, D. (2011). Ecosystems services provided by playas in the High Plains: Potential influences of USDA conservation programs. Ecol. Appl., 21.","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1133.1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0557-7","article-title":"Modeling sediment accumulation in North American playa wetlands in response to climate change, 1940\u20132100","volume":"117","author":"Burris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"70","article-title":"Sediment accumulation in semi-arid wetlands of the Texas Southern High Plains","volume":"28","author":"Gitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tex. J. Agric. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Batzer, D.P., Rader, R.B., and Wissinger, S.A. (1999). Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of North America: Ecology and Management, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00146-X","article-title":"Application of Landsat imagery to regional-scale assessments of lake clarity","volume":"36","author":"Kloiber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00022-6","article-title":"A procedure for regional lake water clarity assessment using Landsat multispectral data","volume":"82","author":"Kloiber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/07438140509354442","article-title":"Landsat-based remote sensing of lake water quality characteristics, including chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM)","volume":"21","author":"Brezonik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.12.013","article-title":"A 20-year Landsat water clarity census of Minnesota\u2019s 10,000 lakes","volume":"112","author":"Olmanson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"O\u2019Dell, J.W. (1993). Method 180.1: Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry, United States Environmental Protection Agency."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/10641260091129198","article-title":"Effects of sedimentation and turbidity on lotic food webs: A concise review for natural resource managers","volume":"8","author":"Henley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03160652","article-title":"Effects of sediment load on seedling emergence from wetland seed banks","volume":"14","author":"Jurik","year":"1994","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1672\/0277-5212(2003)023[0026:EOSLOE]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of sediment load on emergence of aquatic invertebrates and plants from wetland soil egg and seed banks","volume":"23","author":"Gleason","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/B:hydr.0000018171.44844.20","article-title":"Persistence and colonization strategies of playa wetland invertebrates","volume":"513","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2307\/3669607","article-title":"The limnology of playa lakes on the Llano Estacado, New Mexico and Texas","volume":"12","author":"Sublette","year":"1967","journal-title":"Southwest. Nat."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02530365","article-title":"Multiplicity of stable states in freshwater systems","volume":"200","author":"Scheffer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Tsai, J.-S. (2007). Local and Landscape Factor Influences on Avian Community Composition in Playas of the Southern High Plains. [Ph.D. Thesis, Texas Tech University]."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-005-1129-3","article-title":"Influence of agricultural landscape structure on a Southern High Plains amphibian assemblage","volume":"19","author":"Gray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Madej, M.A., Wilzbach, M., Cummins, K., Ellis, C., and Hadden, S. (,  2007). The significance of suspended organic sediments to turbidity, sediment flux, and fish-feeding behavior. Proceedings of the Redwood Region Forest Science Symposium: What Does The Future Hold?, Albany, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(93)90047-2","article-title":"Water quality monitoring in estuarine waters using the Landsat Thematic Mapper","volume":"467","author":"Lavery","year":"1993","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/07438149809354347","article-title":"Assessing water quality in the Catawba River reservoirs using Landsat Thematic Matter satellite data","volume":"14","author":"Cox","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lake Reserv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.08.021","article-title":"Predictive models of turbidity and water depth in the Do\u00f1ana marshes using Landsat TM and ETM+ images","volume":"90","author":"Bustamante","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.013","article-title":"Review of constituent retrieval in optically deep and complex waters from satellite imagery","volume":"118","author":"Odermatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"National Weather Service, Available online: http:\/\/www.srh.noaa.gov\/lub\/?n=climate-klbb-pcpn."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"US Drought Monitor. Available online: http:\/\/droughtmonitor.unl.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Playa Lakes Joint Venture Playas Data Layer. Available online: http:\/\/pljv.org\/PPv4_MapBook\/probable_playas_v4_shapefiles.zip."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"USGS Global Visualization Viewer, Available online: http:\/\/glovis.usgs.gov."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020908432489","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of wetlands","volume":"10","author":"Ozesmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-010-0129-4","article-title":"Effects of surrounding land use on playa inundation following intense rainfall","volume":"31","author":"Cariveau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Playas and Wetlands Database. Available online: http:\/\/gis.ttu.edu\/pwd."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Mulligan, K.R., Barbato, L.S., and Seshadri, S. Playas and Wetlands Database. Available online: http:\/\/gis.ttu.edu\/pwd\/PlayasDocument.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Fish, E.B., Atkinson, E.L., Mollhagen, T.R., Shanks, C.H., and Brenton, C.M. (1998). Playa Lakes Digital Database for the Texas Portion of the Playa Lakes Joint Venture Region, Texas Tech University."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.04.006","article-title":"Extending satellite remote sensing to local scales: Land and water resource monitoring using high-resolution imagery","volume":"88","author":"Sawaya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1029\/2003EO290001","article-title":"The need for global, satellite-based observations of terrestrial surface waters","volume":"84","author":"Alsdorf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service CropScape. Available online: http:\/\/nassgeodata.gmu.edu\/CropScape\/."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-012-0340-6","article-title":"Inundation of playa wetlands in the western Great Plains relative to landcover context","volume":"32","author":"Bartuszevige","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-013-9980-z","article-title":"Dynamic connectivity of temporary wetlands in the southern Great Plains","volume":"29","author":"Ruiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1157","article-title":"Comparing the hydrology of grassed and cultivated catchments in the semi-arid Canadian prairies","volume":"17","author":"Hayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/02626669909492234","article-title":"Drying out of small prairie wetlands after conversion of the catchments to permanent brome grass","volume":"44","author":"Stolte","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1890\/05-1195","article-title":"Model estimates of land-use effects on water levels of northern prairie wetlands","volume":"17","author":"Voldseth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1672\/07-241.1","article-title":"Adaptation of farming practices could buffer effects of climate change on northern prairie wetlands","volume":"29","author":"Voldseth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1672\/07-84.1","article-title":"Reducing sedimentation of depressional wetlands in agricultural landscapes","volume":"28","author":"Skagen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389109388425","article-title":"Sediment and nutrient retention by freshwater wetlands: Effects on surface water quality","volume":"21","author":"Johnston","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Control"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s002670010245","article-title":"Toward quantifying water pollution abatement in response to installing buffers on crop land","volume":"28","author":"Dosskey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/3\/192\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:19:48Z","timestamp":1760210388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/3\/192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8030192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8030192","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]]}}}