{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:59:39Z","timestamp":1789415979551,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,5]],"date-time":"2016-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013814","name":"Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013814","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>River runoff and associated flood plumes (hereafter river plumes) are a major source of land-sourced contaminants to the marine environment, and are a significant threat to coastal and marine ecosystems worldwide. Remote sensing monitoring products have been developed to map the spatial extent, composition and frequency of occurrence of river plumes in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. There is, however, a need to incorporate these monitoring products into Risk Assessment Frameworks as management decision tools. A simple Satellite Risk Framework has been recently proposed to generate maps of potential risk to seagrass and coral reef ecosystems in the GBR focusing on the Austral tropical wet season. This framework was based on a \u201cmagnitude \u00d7 likelihood\u201d risk management approach and GBR plume water types mapped from satellite imagery. The GBR plume water types (so called \u201cPrimary\u201d for the inshore plume waters, \u201cSecondary\u201d for the midshelf-plume waters and \u201cTertiary\u201d for the offshore plume waters) represent distinct concentrations and combinations of land-sourced and marine contaminants. The current study aimed to test and refine the methods of the Satellite Risk Framework. It compared predicted pollutant concentrations in plume water types (multi-annual average from 2005\u20132014) to published ecological thresholds, and combined this information with similarly long-term measures of seagrass and coral ecosystem health. The Satellite Risk Framework and newly-introduced multi-annual risk scores were successful in demonstrating where water conditions were, on average, correlated to adverse biological responses. Seagrass meadow abundance (multi-annual change in % cover) was negatively correlated to the multi-annual risk score at the site level (R2 = 0.47, p &lt; 0.05). Relationships between multi-annual risk scores and multi-annual changes in proportional macroalgae cover (as an index for coral reef health) were more complex (R2 = 0.04, p &gt; 0.05), though reefs incurring higher risk scores showed relatively higher proportional macroalgae cover. Multi-annual risk score thresholds associated with loss of seagrass cover were defined, with lower risk scores (\u22640.2) associated with a gain or little loss in seagrass cover (gain\/\u221212%), medium risk scores (0.2\u20130.4) associated with moderate loss (\u221212\/\u221230%) and higher risk scores (&gt;0.4) with the greatest loss in cover (&gt;\u221230%). These thresholds were used to generate an intermediate river plume risk map specifically for seagrass meadows of the GBR. An intermediate river plume risk map for coral reefs was also developed by considering a multi-annual risk score threshold of 0.2\u2014above which a higher proportion of macroalgae within the algal communities can be expected. These findings contribute to a long-term and adaptive approach to set relevant risk framework and thresholds for adverse biological responses in the GBR. The ecological thresholds and risk scores used in this study will be refined and validated through ongoing monitoring and assessment. As uncertainties are reduced, these risk metrics will provide important information for the development of strategies to manage water quality and ecosystem health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]],"date-time":"2016-03-07T10:25:00Z","timestamp":1457346300000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Estimating the Exposure of Coral Reefs and Seagrass Meadows to Land-Sourced Contaminants in River Flood Plumes of the Great Barrier Reef: Validating a Simple Satellite Risk Framework with Environmental Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Petus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2194-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"Devlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angus","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute of Marine Sciences, PMB No3, Townsville Mail Centre Q 4810, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1294-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Len","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Water &amp; Aquatic Ecosystem Research (Trop WATER), Seagrass Futures Group, James Cook University, Cairns QLD 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Teixeira da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Water &amp; Aquatic Ecosystem Research (Trop WATER), Seagrass Futures Group, James Cook University, Cairns QLD 4870, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Tracey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, Catchment to Reef Research Group, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville head office, 2-68 Flinders Street, P.O. Box 1379, Townsville QLD 4810, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1057544","article-title":"Forecasting Agriculturally Driven Global Environmental Change","volume":"292","author":"Tilman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156401","article-title":"Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems","volume":"321","author":"Diaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubinsky, Z., and Stambler, N. (2011). Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition, Springer Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-0114-4"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5325.494","article-title":"Human Domination of Earth\u2019s Ecosystems","volume":"277","author":"Vitousek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.10.030","article-title":"Towards ecologically relevant targets for river pollutant loads to the Great Barrier Reef","volume":"65","author":"Kroon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149345","article-title":"A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems","volume":"319","author":"Halpern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"McKenzie, L.J., Yoshida, R.L., Grech, A., and Coles, R. (2010). Queensland Seagrasses. Status 2010\u2014Torres Strait and East. Coast, Fisheries Queensland (DEEDI)."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2012.03.012","article-title":"A critical review of environmental management of the \u201cnot so Great\u201d Barrier Reef","volume":"104\u2013105","author":"Brodie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.12.012","article-title":"Terrestrial pollutant runoff to the Great Barrier Reef: An Update of Issues, Priorities and Management Responses","volume":"65","author":"Brodie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2011.03.003","article-title":"A broad-scale assessment of the risk to coastal seagrasses from cumulative threats","volume":"35","author":"Grech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1071\/MF08343","article-title":"Spatial extent of riverine flood plumes and exposure of marine ecosystems in the Tully coastal region, Great Barrier Reef","volume":"60","author":"Devlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.01.036","article-title":"Following the flow: A Combined Remote Sensing-GIS Approach To Model Exposure of Marine Ecosystems to Riverine Flood Plume","volume":"119","author":"Devlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.03.001","article-title":"Mapping the pollutants in surface riverine flood plume waters in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia","volume":"65","author":"Devlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Devlin, M., Harkness, P., McKinna, L., and Waterhouse, J. (2011). Mapping the Surface Exposure of Terrestrial Pollutants in the Great Barrier Reef. Report to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, August 2010, Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research. Report Number 10\/12."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12909","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71012909","article-title":"Water quality and river plume monitoring in the Great Barrier Reef: An Overview of Methods Based on Ocean Colour Satellite Data","volume":"7","author":"Devlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.11.050","article-title":"Using MODIS data for mapping of water types within flood plumes in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Towards the Production of River Plume Risk Maps for Reef and Seagrass Ecosystems","volume":"137","author":"Petus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08197","article-title":"Spatial distribution of deepwater seagrass in the inter-reef lagoon of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area","volume":"392","author":"Coles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Collier, C., Devlin, M., Langlois, L., Petus, C., McKenzie, L., Texeira da Silva, E., McMahon, K., Adams, M., O\u201dBrien, K., and Statton, J. (2014). Thresholds and Indicators of Declining Water Quality as Tools for Tropical Seagrass Management. Report to the National Environmental Research Program, Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited. Project 5.3 Final Report."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2014.03.006","article-title":"Using MODIS data for understanding changes in seagrass meadow health: A Case Study in the Great Barrier Reef (Australia)","volume":"98","author":"Petus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2013.10.008","article-title":"Environmental risk assessment of combined effects in aquatic ecotoxicology: A Discussion Paper","volume":"96","author":"Beyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, M.T., and Browman, H.I. (2015). Risk assessment and risk management: A Primer for Marine Scientists. ICES J. Mar. Sci.","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu232"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu167","article-title":"A development of ecological risk screening with an application to fisheries off SW England","volume":"72","author":"Cotter","year":"2015","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fishres.2011.01.013","article-title":"Ecological risk assessment for the effects of fishing","volume":"108","author":"Hobday","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fish. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu206","article-title":"Quantitative environmental risk assessments in the context of marine spatial management: Current Approaches and Some Perspectives","volume":"72","author":"Fock","year":"2015","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsu207","article-title":"Linking risk factors to risk treatment in ecological risk assessment of marine biodiversity","volume":"72","author":"Astles","year":"2015","journal-title":"ICES J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Brodie, J., Waterhouse, J., Maynard, J., Bennett, J., Furnas, M., Devlin, M., Lewis, S., Collier, C., Schaffelke, B., and Fabricius, K. (2013). Assessment of the Relative Risk of Water Quality to Ecosystems of the Great Barrier Reef. A report to the Department of the Environment and Heritage Protection, Queensland Government, Brisbane, Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research. Report Number 13\/28."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1029\/01EO00109","article-title":"SeaDAS, a data analysis system for ocean color satellite sensors","volume":"82","author":"Baith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eos. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21603","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030599","article-title":"Validity of SeaDAS water constituents retrieval algorithms in Australian tropical coastal waters","volume":"34","author":"Qin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Sathyendranath, S. (2000). Remote Sensing of Ocean Colour in Coastal, and Other Optically-Complex Waters, IOCCG."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.04.015","article-title":"A simple semi-analytical model for remote estimation of chlorophyll-a in turbid waters: Validation","volume":"112","author":"Gitelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.013","article-title":"Review of constituent retrieval in optically deep and complex waters from satellite imagery","volume":"118","author":"Odermatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Brando, V.E., Schroeder, T., Blondeau-Patissier, D., Clementson, L., and Dekker, A.G. (2011). Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program: Using Remote Sensing for GBR Wide Water Quality, CSIRO Land & Water. Final Report for 2010\/2011 Activities."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Brando, V.E., Schroeder, T., Dekker, A.G., and Clementson, L. (2013). Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program: Using Remote Sensing for GBR Wide Water Quality. Final Report for 2011\/12 Activities. Report for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, CSIRO Land & Water."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"King, E.A., Schroeder, T., Brando, V.E., and Suber, K. (2014). CSIRO Land & Water. Wealth from Oceans Flagship Report."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Schroeder, T., Brando, V.E., Cherukuru, N.R.C., Clementson, L.A., Blondeau-Patissier, D., Dekker, A.G., Schaale, M., and Fischer, J. (2008). Remote Sensing of Apparent and Inherent Optical Properties of Tasmanian Coastal Waters: Application to MODIS Data, Ocean. Optics XIX."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.002808","article-title":"Adaptive semi-analytical inversion of ocean colour radiometery in optically complex waters","volume":"51","author":"Brando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.02.022","article-title":"Inter-annual variability of wet season freshwater plume extent into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon based on satellite coastal ocean colour observations","volume":"65","author":"Schroeder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.10.045","article-title":"Environmental risk mapping of pollutants: State of the Art and Communication Aspects","volume":"408","author":"Lahr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.07.005","article-title":"Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide","volume":"56","author":"Borja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02394015","article-title":"Endpoints for regional ecological risk assessments","volume":"14","author":"Suter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Brodie, J.E., Waterhouse, J., Lewis, S.E., Bainbridge, Z.T., and Johnson, J. (2009). Current Loads of Priority Pollutants Discharged from Great Barrier Reef Catchments to the Great Barrier Reef, Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research. ACTFR Report 09\/02."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Brodie, J., Binney, J., Fabricius, K., Gordon, I., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Hunter, H., O\u2019Reagain, P., Pearson, R., Quirk, M., and Thorburn, P. (2008). Scientific Consensus Statement on Water Quality in the Great Barrier Reef, The State of Queensland (Department of the Premier and Cabinet)."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1071\/MF08328","article-title":"Reef exposure to river-borne contaminants: A Spatial Model","volume":"60","author":"Maughan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"17995","article-title":"The 27-year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes","volume":"190","author":"Fabricius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"McKenzie, L., Collier, C., Waycott, M., Unsworth, R., Yoshida, R., and Smith, N. (2012, January 9\u201313). Monitoring inshore seagrasses of the Great Barrier Reef and responses to water quality. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia. Available online: http:\/\/www.icrs2012.com\/proceedings\/manuscripts\/ICRS2012_15B_4.pdf."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Schaffelke, B., Anthony, K., Blake, J., Brodie, J., Collier, C., Devlin, M., Fabricius, K., Martin, K., McKenzie, L., and Negri, A. (2013). Synthesis of Evidence to Support the Reef Water Quality Scientific Consensus Statement 2013, Department of the Premier and Cabinet, Queensland Government. Chapter 1."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.04.005","article-title":"Light thresholds derived from seagrass loss in the coastal zone of the Great Barrier Reef","volume":"23","author":"Collier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1890\/08-2023.1","article-title":"Water quality as a regional driver of coral biodiversity and macroalgae on the Great Barrier Reef","volume":"20","author":"Fabricius","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.05.020","article-title":"Gradients in water column nutrients, sediment parameters, irradiance and coral reef development in the Whitsunday Region, central Great Barrier Reef","volume":"74","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.05.008","article-title":"Environmental impacts of dredging and other sediment disturbances on corals: A Review","volume":"64","author":"Erftemeijer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1071\/MF97001","article-title":"Physiological responses of seagrasses used to identify anthropogenic nutrient inputs","volume":"48","author":"Udy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(97)00060-9","article-title":"Growth and physiological responses of three seagrass species to elevated sediment nutrients","volume":"217","author":"Udy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Marine. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3354\/meps185257","article-title":"Responses of seagrass to nutrients in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia","volume":"185","author":"Udy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3354\/meps238073","article-title":"Direct measurement of light attenuation by epiphytes on eelgrass Zostera marina","volume":"238","author":"Brush","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3354\/meps159037","article-title":"Seagrass epiphyte loads along a nutrient availability gradient, Florida Bay, USA","volume":"159","author":"Frankovich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.08.016","article-title":"A framework for the resilience of seagrass ecosystems","volume":"100","author":"Unsworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1007\/s003380000129","article-title":"Competition between corals and algae on coral reefs: A Review of Evidence and Mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"McCook","year":"2001","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.11.028","article-title":"Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: Review and Synthesis","volume":"50","author":"Fabricius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Devlin, M., Lewis, S., Davis, A., Smith, R., Negri, A., Thompson, M., and Poggio, M. (2015). Advancing Our Understanding of the Source, Management, Transport and Impacts of Pesticides on the Great Barrier Reef 2011\u20132015. A Report for the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER) Publication, James Cook University."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.11.009","article-title":"Assessing the additive risks of PSII herbicide exposure to the Great Barrier Reef","volume":"65","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07059","article-title":"Photoinhibition from chronic herbicide exposure reduces reproductive output of reef-building corals","volume":"344","author":"Cantin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2015.05.007","article-title":"Lethal and sub-lethal chronic effects of the herbicide diuron on seagrass","volume":"165","author":"Negri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3770(03)00014-7","article-title":"Short-term response and recovery of Zostera capricorni photosynthesis after herbicide exposure","volume":"76","author":"Ralph","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat. Bot."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores, F., Collier, C.J., Mercurio, P., and Negri, A.P. (2013). Phytotoxicity of Four Photosystem II Herbicides to Tropical Seagrasses. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0075798"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2010). Water Quality Guidelines for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Revised Edition 2010, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(02)00495-1","article-title":"Photophysiological stress in scleractinian corals in response to short-term sedimentation","volume":"287","author":"Philipp","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Marine Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2006.04.007","article-title":"Sedimentation stress in a scleractinian coral exposed to terrestrial and marine sediments with contrasting physical, geochemical and organic properties","volume":"336","author":"Weber","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Marine. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1071\/MF08030","article-title":"Dispersal of suspended sediments and nutrients in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon during river discharge events: Conclusions from Satellite Remote Sensing and Concurrent Flood Plume Sampling","volume":"61","author":"Brodie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.10.031","article-title":"Water quality in the inshore great barrier reef lagoon: Implications for Long-Term Monitoring and Management","volume":"65","author":"Schaffelke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Devlin, M., Wenger, A., Petus, C., Eduardo Teixeira da Silva, E., Debose, J., and \u00c1lvarez-Romero, J. (2013). Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program: Final Report of JCU Activities 2011\/12\u2014Flood Plumes and Extreme Weather Monitoring for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, James Cook University. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11017\/2803."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"McKenzie, L.J., Collier, C.J., Langlois, L.A., Yoshida, R.L., Smith, N., Takahashi, M., and Waycott, M. (2015). Marine Monitoring Program\u2014Inshore Seagrass, Annual Report for the Sampling Period 1 June 2013\u201331 May 2014, Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER) Publication, James Cook University."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Thompson, A., Schaffelke, B., Logan, M., Costello, P., Davidson, J., Doyle, J., Furnas, M., Gunn, K., Liddy, M., and Skuza, M. (2013). Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program. Annual Report of AIMS Activities 2012 to 2013\u2013 Inshore Water Quality and Coral Reef Monitoring. Report for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Australian Institute of Marine Science."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2012). Reef Rescue Marine Monitoring Program: Quality Assurance\/Quality Control Methods and Procedures, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Bentley, C., Devlin, M., Paxman, C., Chue, K.L., and Mueller, J. (2012). Pesticide Monitoring in Inshore Waters of the Great Barrier Reef Using Both Time-Integrated and Event Monitoring Techniques (2011\u20132012), The University of Queensland, The National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox)."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.10.029","article-title":"Long term monitoring of photosystem II herbicides\u2013Correlation with remotely sensed freshwater extent to monitor changes in the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef, Australia","volume":"65","author":"Kennedy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.02.062","article-title":"Rapid exposure assessment of PSII herbicides in surface water using a novel chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging assay","volume":"401","author":"Muller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.07.031","article-title":"Additive toxicity of herbicide mixtures and comparative sensitivity of tropical benthic microalgae","volume":"60","author":"Magnusson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Short, F.T., and Coles, R.G. (2001). Global Seagrass Research Methods, Elsevier Science B.V."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2004.02.007","article-title":"Flood related loss and recovery of intertidal seagrass meadows in southern Queensland, Australia","volume":"60","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Jonker, M., Johns, K., and Osborne, K. (2008). Long-Term Monitoring of the Great Barrier Reef, Standard Operational Procedure Number 10, Australian Institute of Marine Science."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.10.025","article-title":"Water quality in the Great Barrier Reef region: Responses of Mangrove, Seagrass and Macroalgal Communities","volume":"51","author":"Schaffelke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.12.049","article-title":"Phase Shifts, Herbivory, and the Resilience of Coral Reefs to Climate Change","volume":"17","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07594","article-title":"Competitive effects of macroalgae on the fecundity of the reef-building coral Montastrea annularis","volume":"367","author":"Foster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00338-010-0661-y","article-title":"Coral-macroalgal phase shifts or reef resilience: Links with Diversity and Functional Roles of Herbivorous Fishes on the Great Barrier Reef","volume":"29","author":"Cheal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Coral Reefs"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hauri, C., Fabricius, K., Schaffelke, B., and Humphrey, C. (2010). Chemical and physical environmental conditions underneath mat- and canopy-forming macroalgae, and the effects on understory corals. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012685"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2012). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(85)80176-4","article-title":"The expected effect of a combination of agents: The General Solution","volume":"114","author":"Berenbaum","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17443","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17443","article-title":"Acute and additive toxicity of ten photosystem-II herbicides to seagrass","volume":"5","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(02)00133-9","article-title":"Joint algal toxicity of 16 dissimilarly acting chemicals is predictable by the concept of independent action","volume":"63","author":"Faust","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/2192-1709-2-31","article-title":"Combining water quality and remote sensed data across spatial and temporal scales to measure wet season chlorophyll-a variability: Great Barrier Reef lagoon (Queensland, Australia)","volume":"2","author":"Devlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.01.043","article-title":"Fine sediment and nutrient dynamics related to particle size and floc formation in a Burdekin River flood plume, Australia","volume":"65","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(00)00097-7","article-title":"Pesticide and herbicide residues in sediments and seagrasses from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and Queensland coast","volume":"41","author":"Haynes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(00)00127-2","article-title":"The Impact of the Herbicide Diuron on Photosynthesis in Three Species of Tropical Seagrass","volume":"41","author":"Haynes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2011.11.027","article-title":"Seasonal modification of tidal flat sediment dynamics by seagrass meadows of Zostera noltii (Bassin d\u2019Arcachon, France)","volume":"109\u2013110","author":"Ganthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Marine Syst."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10229","article-title":"Seasonal heterogeneity in the photophysiological response to air exposure in two tropical intertidal seagrass species","volume":"482","author":"Petrou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2010.06.009","article-title":"Importance of wave-induced bed liquefaction in the fine sediment budget of Cleveland Bay, Great Barrier Reef","volume":"89","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3354\/meps182305","article-title":"Short-term nutrient pulses as tools to assess responses of coral reef macroalgae to enhanced nutrient availability","volume":"1999","author":"Schaffelke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0963.1","article-title":"Improved water quality can ameliorate effects of 892 climate change on corals","volume":"19","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carilli, J.E., Norris, R.D., Black, B.A., Walsh, S.M., and McField, M. (2009). Local stressors reduce coral resilience to bleaching. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006324"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.08.049","article-title":"Environmental triggers for primary outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia","volume":"101","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/3\/210\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:20:12Z","timestamp":1760210412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/3\/210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,5]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8030210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8030210","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,5]]}}}