{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:25:56Z","timestamp":1769387156244,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]],"date-time":"2016-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) is one of the major left-lateral strike-slip faults in the northeastern area of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, the interseismic deformation across the ATF at 85\u00b0E was measured using 216 interferograms from 33 ENVISAT advanced synthetic aperture radar images on a descending track acquired from 2003 to 2010, and 66 interferograms from 15 advanced synthetic aperture radar images on an ascending track acquired from 2005 to 2010. To retrieve the pattern of interseismic strain accumulation, a global atmospheric model (ERA-Interim) provided by the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast and a global network orbital correction approach were applied to remove atmospheric effects and the long-wavelength orbital errors in the interferograms. Then, the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series with atmospheric estimation model was used to obtain a deformation rate map for the ATF. Based on the InSAR velocity map, the regional strain rates field was calculated for the first time using the multi-scale wavelet method. The strain accumulation is strongly focused on the ATF with the maximum strain rate of 12.4 \u00d7 10\u22128\/year. We also show that high-resolution 2-D strain rates field can be calculated from InSAR alone, even without GPS data. Using a simple half-space elastic screw dislocation model, the slip-rate and locking depth were estimated with both ascending and descending surface velocity measurements. The joint inversion results are consistent with a left-lateral slip rate of 8.0 \u00b1 0.7 mm\/year on the ATF and a locking depth of 14.5 \u00b1 3 km, which is in agreement with previous results from GPS surveys and ERS InSAR results. Our results support the dynamic models of Asian deformation requiring low fault slip rate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,14]],"date-time":"2016-03-14T11:03:45Z","timestamp":1457953425000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Interseismic Deformation of the Altyn Tagh Fault Determined by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caijun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8746-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangmao","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment and Geodesy, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology, Wuhan 430079, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5338.647","article-title":"Active deformation of Asia: From kinematics to dynamics","volume":"278","author":"England","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"England, P., and Molnar, P. (2005). Late Quaternary to decadal velocity fields in Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JB003541"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1130\/G22924A.1","article-title":"Present-day kinematics at the India-Asia collision zone","volume":"35","author":"Meade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thatcher, W. (2007). Microplate model for the present-day deformation of Tibet. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB004244"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-6724.12397","article-title":"Lithospheric electrical structure across the Eastern Segment of the Altyn Tagh Fault on the Northern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Geol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.189.4201.419","article-title":"Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision","volume":"189","author":"Molnar","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1029\/93GL00128","article-title":"Kinematic model of active deformation in central Asia","volume":"20","author":"Avouac","year":"1993","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1130\/G20554.1","article-title":"Continuous deformation of the Tibetan Plateau from Global Positioning System data","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5386.74","article-title":"Tomographic evidence for localized lithospheric shear along the AltynTaghFault","volume":"282","author":"Wittlinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1989)017<0448:IDWZOC>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Intracrustal detachment within zones of continental deformation","volume":"17","author":"Burchfiel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL064347","article-title":"Present-day crustal thinning in the southern and northern Tibetan Plateau revealed by GPS measurements","volume":"42","author":"Ge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wallace, K., Yin, G., and Bilham, R. (2004). Inescapable slow slip on the Altyn Tagh Fault. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019724"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12233","DOI":"10.1029\/93JB00443","article-title":"Crustal thickening vs. lateral expulsion in the Indian-Asian continental collision","volume":"98","author":"Houseman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"61","article-title":"Geodetic evidence for a low slip rate in the Altyn Tagh fault system","volume":"386","author":"Bendick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30607","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000349","article-title":"Crustal deformation along the Altyn Tagh fault system, western China, from GPS","volume":"106","author":"Shen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott, J.R., Biggs, J., Parsons, B., and Wright, T.J. (2008). InSAR slip rate determination on the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern Tibet, in the presence of topographically correlated atmospheric delays. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL033659"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5382","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL057497","article-title":"Nailing down the slip rate of the AltynTaghFault","volume":"40","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9riaux, A.-S., Ryerson, F.J., Tapponnier, P., Van der Woerd, J., Finkel, R.C., Xu, X., Xu, Z., and Caffee, M.W. (2004). Rapid slip along the central Altyn Tagh Fault: Morphochronologic evidence from Cherchen He and Sulamu Tagh. J. Geophys. Res., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JB002558"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23109","DOI":"10.1029\/96JE01459","article-title":"Surface deformation and coherence measurements of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from SIR-C radar interferometry","volume":"101","author":"Rosen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/364138a0","article-title":"The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry","volume":"364","author":"Massonnet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012850","article-title":"Measurement of interseismic strain accumulation across the North Anatolian Fault by satellite radar interferometry","volume":"28","author":"Wright","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walters, R.J., Holley, R.J., Parsons, B., and Wright, T.J. (2011). Interseismic strain accumulation across the North Anatolian Fault from Envisat InSAR measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL046443"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1246.2011.00001.1","article-title":"Study on crustal deformation of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake using wide-swath scan SAR and MODIS","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"110","article-title":"InSAR measurement of surface deformation between two Da-Qaidam Mw6.3 earthquakes and joint analysis with coseismic rupture","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geod. Geodyn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.02.024","article-title":"Geomorphology of active faulting and seismic hazard assessment: New tools and future challenges","volume":"237","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2009.04337.x","article-title":"Multiscale estimation of GPS velocity fields","volume":"179","author":"Tape","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5215","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JB010909","article-title":"Constraining crustal velocity fields with InSAR for Eastern Turkey: Limits to the block-like behavior of Eastern Anatolia","volume":"119","author":"Walters","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50348","article-title":"Broadscale interseismic deformation and fault slip rates in the central Tibetan Plateau observed using InSAR","volume":"118","author":"Garthwaite","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2006.03312.x","article-title":"Post-seismicmotion following the 1997 Manyi, Tibet earthquake, InSAR observations and modelling","volume":"169","author":"Ryder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1029\/2004EO050004","article-title":"Update repeat orbit interferometry package released","volume":"85","author":"Rosen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Doin, M.P., Guillaso, S., Jolivet, R., Lasserre, C., Lodge, F., Ducret, G., and Grandin, R. (2011, January 19\u201323). Presentation of the small baseline NSBAS processing chain on a case example: The Etna deformation monitoring from 2003 to 2010 using Envisat data. Proceedings of the European Space Agency Symposium \u201cFringe\u201d, Frascati, Italy. ESA SP-697."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"NSBAS. Available online: http:\/\/efidir.poleterresolide.fr\/index.php\/effidir-tools\/nsbas."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2009.03.010","article-title":"Corrections of stratified tropospheric delays in SAR interferometry: Validation with global atmospheric models","volume":"69","author":"Doin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., and Alsdorf, D. (2007). The shuttle radar topography mission. Rev. Geophys., 45.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1029\/RS023i004p00713","article-title":"Satellite radar interferometry\u2014Two-dimensional phase unwrapping","volume":"23","author":"Goldstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2007.03415.x","article-title":"Multi-interferogram method for measuring interseismic deformation: Denali fault, Alaska","volume":"170","author":"Biggs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Y., Li, Z., Xu, C., Ryder, I., and B\u00fcrgmann, R. (2012). Postseismic motion after the 2001 MW7.8 Kokoxili earthquake in Tibet observed by InSAR time series. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB009043"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puyss\u00e9gur, B., Michel, R., and Avouac, J.-P. (2007). Tropospheric phase delay in interferometric synthetic aperture radar estimated from meteorological model and multispectral imagery. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004352"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavali\u00e9, O., Doin, M.-P., Lasserre, C., and Briole, P. (2007). Ground motion measurement in the Lake Mead area, Nevada, by differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry time series analysis: Probing the lithosphere rheological structure. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004344"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wicks, C.W., Dzurisin, D., Ingebritsen, S., Thatcher, W., Lu, Z., and Iverson, J. (2002). Magmatic activity beneath the quiescent three sisters volcanic center, central Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL014205"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL02112","article-title":"Tropospheric corrections of SAR interferograms with strong topography: Application to Etna","volume":"25","author":"Delacourt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27051","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02794","article-title":"Integrated satellite interferometry: Tropospheric noise, GPS estimates and implications for interferometric synthetic aperture radar products","volume":"103","author":"Williams","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Fielding, E.J., Cross, P., and Muller, J.-P. (2006). Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction: GPS topography-dependent turbulence model. J. Geophys. Res., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB003711"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onn, F., and Zebker, H.A. (2006). Correction for interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric phase artifacts using time series of zenith wet delay observations from a GPS network. J. Geophys. Res., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB004012"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Fielding, E.J., Cross, P., and Muller, J.-P. (2006). Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction: medium-resolution imaging spectrometer and advanced synthetic aperture radar integration. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025299"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2012.05432.x","article-title":"Correcting atmospheric effects on InSAR with MERIS water vapour data and elevation-dependent interpolation model","volume":"189","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015159","article-title":"Atmospheric models, GPS and InSAR measurements of the tropospheric water vapour field over Mount Etna","volume":"29","author":"Wadge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster, J., Brooks, B., Cherubini, T., Shacat, C., Businger, S., and Werner, C.L. (2006). Mitigating atmospheric noise for InSAR using a high resolution weather model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026781"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50093","article-title":"The utility of atmospheric analyses for the mitigation of artifacts in InSAR","volume":"118","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802562172","article-title":"Advanced InSAR atmospheric correction: MERIS\/MODIS combination and stacked water vapour models","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JB011558","article-title":"A spatially variable power law tropospheric correction technique for InSAR data","volume":"120","author":"Bekaert","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.08.035","article-title":"Statistical comparison of InSAR tropospheric correction techniques","volume":"170","author":"Bekaert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","article-title":"The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system","volume":"137","author":"Dee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrb.50236","article-title":"Rapid strain accumulation on the Ashkabad fault (Turkmenistan) from atmosphere-corrected InSAR","volume":"118","author":"Walters","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19617","DOI":"10.1029\/94JB01179","article-title":"On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry: The Landers earthquake","volume":"99","author":"Zebker","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00872","article-title":"A satellite geodetic survey of large-scale deformation of volcanic centres in the central Andes","volume":"418","author":"Pritchard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.814657","article-title":"Linear and nonlinear terrain deformation maps Fromareduced set of interferometric SAR images","volume":"41","author":"Mora","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lundgren, P., Hetland, E.A., Liu, Z., and Fielding, E.J. (2009). Southern San Andreas-San Jacinto fault system slip rates estimated from earthquake cycle models constrained by GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations. J. Geophys. Res., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JB005996"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1130\/G32968.1","article-title":"Contemporary uplift of the Sierra Nevada, western United States, from GPS and InSAR measurements","volume":"40","author":"Hammond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1029\/JB078i005p00832","article-title":"Geodetic determination of relative plate motion in central California","volume":"5","author":"Savage","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shirzaei, M., and Walter, T.R. (2009). Randomly iterated search and statistical competency as powerful inversion tools for deformation source modeling: Application to volcano interferometric synthetic aperture radar data. J. Geophys. Res., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JB006071"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2015.04.011","article-title":"New evidence for active tectonics at the boundary of the Kashi depression, China, from time series InSARobservations","volume":"653","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allmendinger, R.W., Reilinger, R., and Loveless, J. (2007). Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano. Tectonics, 26.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006TC002030"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, W.J., Zhang, P.Z., Shen, Z.K., Niu, Z.J., Wang, M., Wan, Y.G., Zhou, D.M., and Cheng, J. (2007). Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferredfrom GPS measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB004120"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolivet, R., Cattin, R., Chamot-Rooke, N., Lasserre, C., and Peltzer, G. (2008). Thin-plate modeling of interseismic deformation and asymmetry across the Altyn Tagh Fault zone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031511"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1130\/G23789A.1","article-title":"Long-range and long term fault interactions in southern California","volume":"35","author":"Dolan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2117.2000.00126.x","article-title":"Implications of fault array evolution for synriftdepocentre development: Insights from a numerical fault growth model","volume":"12","author":"Cowie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Basin Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8141(98)00034-0","article-title":"A healing-reloading feedback control on the growth rate of seismogenic faults","volume":"20","author":"Cowie","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GL013529","article-title":"Fault slip-rate variations during crustal-scale strain localisation, Central Italy","volume":"29","author":"Roberts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8141(02)00065-2","article-title":"Northwest-trending, Middle Cenozoic, left-lateral faults in southern Yunnan, China, and their tectonic significance","volume":"25","author":"Burchfiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2005.05.043","article-title":"Fault scarps and deformation rates in Lazio-Abruzzo, Central Italy: Comparison between geological fault slip-rate and GPS data","volume":"408","author":"Papanikolaou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02460.x","article-title":"Temporal clustering of major earthquakes along individual faults due to post-seismic reloading","volume":"160","author":"Kenner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(2002)114<1257:THOTAT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh Fault system in northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation","volume":"114","author":"Yin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2006.09.015","article-title":"Impact of riser reconstructions on estimation of secular variation in rates of strike slip faulting: Revisiting the Cherchen River site along the Altyn Tagh Fault, NW China","volume":"254","author":"Cowgill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1130\/G25623A.1","article-title":"Low quaternary slip rate reconciles geodetic and geologic rates along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northwestern Tibet","volume":"37","author":"Cowgill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P.Z., Molnar, P., and Xu, X. (2007). Late Quaternary and present-day rates of slip along the Altyn Tagh Fault, northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, 26.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006TC002014"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Gu, G., Lin, T., and Shi, Z. (1989). Catalogue of Chinese Earthquakes (1831 BC-1969 AD), Science Press."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029<1051:LHEHOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Late Holocene earthquake history of the central Altyn Tagh Fault, China","volume":"29","author":"Washburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1015","article-title":"Paleoseismology of the Xorxol segment of the central Altyn Tagh Fault, Xinjiang, China","volume":"46","author":"Washburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"215","article-title":"Global Positioning system measurements from eastern Tibet and their implications for India\/Eurasiaintercontinental deformation","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2000)28<255:ITNAFP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Is the North Altyn Fault part of a strike-slip duplex along the Altyn Tagh fault system","volume":"28","author":"Cowgill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vergnolle, M., Calais, E., and Dong, L. (2007). Dynamics of continental deformation in Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004807"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/3\/233\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:20:37Z","timestamp":1760210437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/3\/233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8030233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8030233","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]}}}