{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:07:59Z","timestamp":1784300879319,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]],"date-time":"2016-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012154","name":"Funding of Jiangsu Innovation Program for Graduate Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYLX15_1435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYLX15_1435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012154","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014QNA32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014QNA32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development (PAPD) of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regional haze episodes have occurred frequently in eastern China over the past decades. As a critical indicator to evaluate air quality, the mass concentration of ambient fine particulate matters smaller than 2.5 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) is involved in many studies. To overcome the limitations of ground measurements on PM2.5 concentration, which is featured in disperse representation and coarse coverage, many statistical models were developed to depict the relationship between ground-level PM2.5 and satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD). However, the current satellite-derived AOD products and statistical models on PM2.5\u2013AOD are insufficient to investigate PM2.5 characteristics at the urban scale, in that spatial resolution is crucial to identify the relationship between PM2.5 and anthropogenic activities. This paper presents a geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model to generate ground-level PM2.5 concentrations from satellite-derived 500 m AOD. The GTWR model incorporates the SARA (simplified high resolution MODIS aerosol retrieval algorithm) AOD product with meteorological variables, including planetary boundary layer height (PBLH), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), and temperature (TEMP) extracted from WRF (weather research and forecasting) assimilation to depict the spatio-temporal dynamics in the PM2.5\u2013AOD relationship. The estimated ground-level PM2.5 concentration has 500 m resolution at the MODIS satellite\u2019s overpass moments twice a day, which can be used for air quality monitoring and haze tracking at the urban and regional scale. To test the performance of the GTWR model, a case study was carried out in a region covering the adjacent parts of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui provinces in central China. A cross validation was done to evaluate the performance of the GTWR model. Compared with OLS, GWR, and TWR models, the GTWR model obtained the highest value of coefficient of determination (R2) and the lowest values of mean absolute difference (MAD), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8030262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]],"date-time":"2016-03-22T11:50:37Z","timestamp":1458647437000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["A Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression Model for Ground-Level PM2.5 Estimation from Satellite-Derived 500 m Resolution AOD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1280-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Sciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.08.005","article-title":"Estimates of global mortality attributable to particulate air pollution using satellite imagery","volume":"120","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. 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