{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:19:27Z","timestamp":1762298367953,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST 103-2625-M-005-008-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 103-2625-M-005-008-MY2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to 4000 m elevation variation with temperature differences equivalent to 50 degrees of latitudinal gradient, exploring Taiwan\u2019s spatial vegetation trends is valuable in terms of diverse ecosystems and climatic types covering a relatively small island with an area of 36,000 km2. This study analyzed Taiwan\u2019s spatial vegetation trends with controlling environmental variables through redundancy (RDA) and hierarchical cluster (HCA) analyses over three decades (1982\u20132012) of monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) NDVI3g data for 19 selected weather stations over the island. Results showed two spatially distinct vegetation response groups. Group 1 comprises weather stations which remained relatively natural showing a slight increasing NDVI tendency accompanied with rising temperature, whereas Group 2 comprises stations with high level of human development showing a slight decreasing NDVI tendency associated with increasing temperature-induced moisture stress. Statistically significant controlling variables include climatic factors (temperature and precipitation), orographic factors (mean slope and aspects), and anthropogenic factor (population density). Given the potential trajectories for future warming, variable precipitation, and population pressure, challenges, such as land-cover and water-induced vegetation stress, need to be considered simultaneously for establishing adequate adaptation strategies to combat climate change challenges in Taiwan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T16:00:28Z","timestamp":1459267228000},"page":"290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Exploring Long Term Spatial Vegetation Trends in Taiwan from AVHRR NDVI3g Dataset Using RDA and HCA Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Restoration and Disaster Reduction, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ming-Der","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13729","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71013729","article-title":"Spatio-temporal changes in vegetation activity and its driving factors during the growing season in China from 1982 to 2011","volume":"7","author":"Qu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.04.003","article-title":"Shifting plant phenology in response to global change","volume":"22","author":"Cleland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. 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