{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T06:47:55Z","timestamp":1770274075619,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]],"date-time":"2016-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying the variability and changes in phenology and gross primary production (GPP) of alpine wetlands in the Qinghai\u2013Tibetan Plateau under climate change is essential for assessing carbon (C) balance dynamics at regional and global scales. In this study, in situ eddy covariance (EC) flux tower observations and remote sensing data were integrated with a modified, satellite-based vegetation photosynthesis model (VPM) to investigate the variability in climate change, phenology, and GPP of an alpine wetland ecosystem, located in Zoige, southwestern China. Two-year EC data and remote sensing vegetation indices showed that warmer temperatures corresponded to an earlier start date of the growing season, increased GPP, and ecosystem respiration, and hence increased the C sink strength of the alpine wetlands. Twelve-year long-term simulations (2000\u20132011) showed that: (1) there were significantly increasing trends for the mean annual enhanced vegetation index (EVI), land surface water index (LSWI), and growing season GPP (R2 \u2265 0.59, p &lt; 0.01) at rates of 0.002, 0.11 year\u22121 and 16.32 g\u00b7C\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7year\u22121, respectively, which was in line with the observed warming trend (R2 = 0.54, p = 0.006); (2) the start and end of the vegetation growing season (SOS and EOS) experienced a continuous advancing trend at a rate of 1.61 days\u00b7year\u22121 and a delaying trend at a rate of 1.57 days\u00b7year\u22121 from 2000 to 2011 (p \u2264 0.04), respectively; and (3) with increasing temperature, the advanced SOS and delayed EOS prolonged the wetland\u2019s phenological and photosynthetically active period and, thereby, increased wetland productivity by about 3.7\u20134.2 g\u00b7C\u00b7m\u22122\u00b7year\u22121 per day. Furthermore, our results indicated that warming and the extension of the growing season had positive effects on carbon uptake in this alpine wetland ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]],"date-time":"2016-05-06T10:19:23Z","timestamp":1462529963000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Variability and Changes in Climate, Phenology, and Gross Primary Production of an Alpine Wetland Ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba 624500, China"}]},{"given":"Yanbin","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyong","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Huai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"given":"Sanxiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Gardens Green Bureau, Beijing 100013, China"}]},{"given":"Yangong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810008, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2133-9287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba 624500, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7065-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Kardol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ume\u00e5 90183, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0956-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangming","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Wetland Services and Restoration, Institute of Wetland Research, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Zoige Wetland Ecosystem Research Station, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Aba 624500, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1191\/0959683602hl522rp","article-title":"Estimating carbon accumulation rates of undrained mires in Finland\u2013application to boreal and subarctic regions","volume":"12","author":"Turunen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Peatlands and the carbon cycle: From local processes to global implications\u2014A synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Limpens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biogeosci. 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