{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:08:53Z","timestamp":1774030133927,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information extraction and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of buildings using the vehicle-borne laser scanning (VLS) system is significant for many applications. Extracting LiDAR points, from VLS, belonging to various types of building in large-scale complex urban environments still retains some problems. In this paper, a new technical framework for automatic and efficient building point extraction is proposed, including three main steps: (1) voxel group-based shape recognition; (2) category-oriented merging; and (3) building point identification by horizontal hollow ratio analysis. This article proposes a concept of \u201cvoxel group\u201d based on the voxelization of VLS points: each voxel group is composed of several voxels that belong to one single real-world object. Then the shapes of point clouds in each voxel group are recognized and this shape information is utilized to merge voxel group. This article puts forward a characteristic nature of vehicle-borne LiDAR building points, called \u201chorizontal hollow ratio\u201d, for efficient extraction. Experiments are analyzed from two aspects: (1) building-based evaluation for overall experimental area; and (2) point-based evaluation for individual building using the completeness and correctness. The experimental results indicate that the proposed framework is effective for the extraction of LiDAR points belonging to various types of buildings in large-scale complex urban environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T10:20:11Z","timestamp":1463480411000},"page":"419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Building Point Detection from Vehicle-Borne LiDAR Data Based on Voxel Group and Horizontal Hollow Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for the South Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]},{"given":"Manchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Department of Geographic Information Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center for the South Sea Studies, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2222342","article-title":"Semiautomated building facade footprint extraction from mobile LiDAR point clouds","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. 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