{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:44:48Z","timestamp":1781621088082,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]],"date-time":"2016-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Producing a global and comprehensive description of atmospheric aerosols requires integration of ground-based, airborne, satellite and model datasets. Due to its complexity, aerosol monitoring requires the use of several data records with complementary information content. This paper describes the lessons learned while developing and qualifying algorithms to generate aerosol Climate Data Records (CDR) within the European Space Agency (ESA) Aerosol_cci project. An iterative algorithm development and evaluation cycle involving core users is applied. It begins with the application-specific refinement of user requirements, leading to algorithm development, dataset processing and independent validation followed by user evaluation. This cycle is demonstrated for a CDR of total Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from two subsequent dual-view radiometers. Specific aspects of its applicability to other aerosol algorithms are illustrated with four complementary aerosol datasets. An important element in the development of aerosol CDRs is the inclusion of several algorithms evaluating the same data to benefit from various solutions to the ill-determined retrieval problem. The iterative approach has produced a 17-year AOD CDR, a 10-year stratospheric extinction profile CDR and a 35-year Absorbing Aerosol Index record. Further evolution cycles have been initiated for complementary datasets to provide insight into aerosol properties (i.e., dust aerosol, aerosol absorption).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]],"date-time":"2016-05-17T10:20:11Z","timestamp":1463480411000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":171,"title":["Development, Production and Evaluation of Aerosol Climate Data Records from European Satellite Observations (Aerosol_cci)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Popp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft-und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR), Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum (DFD), 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit","family":"De Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Climate Research Unit, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Bingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), B-1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Br\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Capelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMD Ecole Polytechnique, 75007 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Chedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMD Ecole Polytechnique, 75007 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieven","family":"Clarisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg","family":"Dubovik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, CNRS, Universite Lille-1, 59655 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0709-1315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Grainger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Oxford, OX1 3PU Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Griesfeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0313 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Heckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Swansea University, SA2 8PP Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Kinne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Kl\u00fcser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft-und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR), Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum (DFD), 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Kosmale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft-und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR), Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum (DFD), 82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"Kolmonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Climate Research Unit, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6698-1388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Lelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Institute of Environmental Physics, University Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Litvinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Optique Atmosph\u00e9rique, CNRS, Universite Lille-1, 59655 Villeneuve d\u2019Ascq, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linlu","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Institute of Environmental Physics, University Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"North","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Swansea University, SA2 8PP Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Pinnock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency (ESA), European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT), OX11 0FD Didcot, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Povey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Oxford, OX1 3PU Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), B-1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Meteorological Institute, 0313 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Sogacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Climate Research Unit, 00101 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6935-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Stebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) Atmospheric and Climate Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Stein Zweers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0QX Chilton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieuwe","family":"Tilstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3966-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Vandenbussche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA-IASB), B-1180 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pepijn","family":"Veefkind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), 3730 AE De Bilt, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, 2628 AA Delft, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Vountas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Institute of Environmental Physics, University Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatics Research Center, London Metropolitan University, N7 8DB London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GCOS (2011). Systematic Observation Requirements for Satellite-Based Data Products for Climate, WMO. 2011 Update, Supplemental Details to the Satellite-Based Component of the \u201cImplementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (2010 Update)\u201d, GCOS-154."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokhanovsky, A.A., and de Leeuw, G. (2009). Satellite Aerosol Remote Sensing over Land, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69397-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burrows, J.P., Platt, U., and Borrell, P. (2011). The Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Composition from Space, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14791-3"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Thomason, L., and Peter, T. Assessment of Stratospheric Aerosol Properties (ASAP). Available online: www.sparc-climate.org\/publications\/sparc-reports\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"GCOS (2009). Guideline for the Generation of Satellite-Based Datasets and Products Meeting GCOS Requirements, WMO. GCOS-128, WMO\/TD No. 1488."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-4083-2015","article-title":"Towards a long-term global aerosol optical depth record: Applying a consistent aerosol retrieval algorithm to MODIS and VIIRS-observed reflectance","volume":"8","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<1243:TAVHRR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) climate dataset: Initial analyses and evaluations","volume":"15","author":"Stowe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishchenko, M.I., Geogdzhayev, I.V., Rossow, W.B., Cairns, B., Carlson, B.E., Lacis, A.A., Liu, L., and Travis, L.D. (2007). Long-term satellite record reveals likely recent aerosol trend. Science, 315.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136709"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<0398:ALTROA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A long term record of aerosol optical depth from TOMS observations and comparison to AERONET measurements","volume":"59","author":"Torres","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16911","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03680","article-title":"Global distributions of UV-absorbing aerosols from Nimbus 7\/TOMS data","volume":"102","author":"Herman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jethva, H., Torres, O., and Ahn, C. (2014). Global assessment of OMI aerosol single-scattering albedo using ground-based AERONET inversion. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119.","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021672"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8037","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-8037-2012","article-title":"Global and regional trends of aerosol optical depth over land and ocean using SeaWiFS measurements from 1997 to 2010","volume":"12","author":"Hsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fromm, M., and Alfred, J. (2003). A unified, long-term, high-latitude stratospheric aerosol and cloud database using SAM II, SAGE II, and POAM II\/III data: Algorithm description, database definition, and climatology. J. Geophys. Res., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002772"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauman, J.J., Russel, P.B., Geller, M.A., and Hamil, P. (2003). A stratospheric aerosol climatology from SAGE II and CLAES measurements: 2. Results and comparisons, 1984\u20131999. J. Geophys. Res., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002993"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bingen, C., Vanhellemont, F., and Fussen, D. (2004). A global climatology of stratospheric aerosol size distribution parameters derived from SAGE II data over the period 1984\u20132000: 2. Reference data. J. Geophys. Res., 109.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003511"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-4295-2010","article-title":"Optimal estimation retrieval of aerosol microphysical properties from SAGE II satellite observations in the lower stratosphere","volume":"10","author":"Wurl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollmann, R., Merchant, C.J., Saunders, R., Downy, C., Buchwitz, M., Cazenave, A., Chuvieco, E., Defourny, P., de Leeuw, G., and Forsberg, R. (2013). The ESA climate change initiative: Satellite data records for essential climate variables. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 11.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00254.1"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1919-2013","article-title":"Aerosol retrieval experiments in the ESA Aerosol_cci project","volume":"6","author":"Griesfeller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.04.023","article-title":"Evaluation of seven European aerosol optical depth retrieval algorithms for climate analysis","volume":"162","author":"Bevan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-8-4699-2015","article-title":"Known and unknown unknowns: Uncertainty estimation in satellite remote sensing","volume":"8","author":"Povey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sogacheva, L., Kolmonen, P., Virtanen, T.H., Rodriguez, E., Saponaro, G., and de Leeuw, G. (2016). Post-processing to remove residual clouds from aerosol optical depth retrieved using the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer. Atmos. Meas. Tech., submitted.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2016-109"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL02264","article-title":"Retrieval of aerosol optical depth over land using two-angle view satellite radiometry during TARFOX","volume":"25","author":"Veefkind","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-8502(98)00032-9","article-title":"A new algorithm to determine the spectral aerosol optical depth from satellite radiometer measurements","volume":"29","author":"Veefkind","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Robles Gonzalez, C. (2003). Retrieval of Aerosol Properties Using ATSR-2 Observations and Their Interpretation. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Utrecht]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolmonen, P., Sogacheva, L., Virtanen, T.H., de Leeuw, G., and Kulmala, M. (2015). The ADV\/ASV AATSR aerosol retrieval algorithm: Current status and presentation of a full-mission AOD data set. Int. J. Digit. Earth.","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2015.1111450"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-1889-2012","article-title":"Cloud retrievals from satellite data using optimal estimation: Evaluation and application to ATSR","volume":"5","author":"Poulsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1109\/36.739106","article-title":"Retrieval of land surface bidirectional reflectance and aerosol opacity from ATSR-2 multiangle imagery","volume":"37","author":"North","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-3-813-2010","article-title":"A sea surface reflectance model for (A) ATSR, and application to aerosol retrievals","volume":"3","author":"Sayer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.024","article-title":"A global dataset of atmospheric aerosol optical depth and surface reflectance from AATSR","volume":"116","author":"Bevan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"North, P.R.J. (2002). Estimation of aerosol opacity and land surface bidirectional reflectance from ATSR-2 dual-angle imagery: Operational method and validation. J. Geophys. Res., 107.","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000207"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Ftp archive of Aerosol_cci products. Available online: http:\/\/www.icare.univ-lille1.fr\/archive\/?dir=CCI-Aerosols."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Aerosol_cci Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.esa-aerosol-cci.org\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smirnov, A., Holben, B.N., Slutsker, I., Giles, D.M., McClain, C.R., Eck, T., Sakerin, S.M., Macke, A., Croot, P., and Zibordi, G. (2009). Maritime Aerosol Network as a component of Aerosol Robotic Network. J. Geophys. Res., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011257"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"AERONET, Available online: http:\/\/aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"AEROCOM. Available online: http:\/\/aerocom.met.no\/cgi-bin\/aerocom\/surfobs_annualrs.pl?PROJECT=cci-Aerosol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2989-2013","article-title":"The Collection 6 MODIS aerosol products over land and ocean","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokhanovsky, A., and de Leeuw, G. (2009). Satellite Aerosol Remote Sensing over Land, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69397-0"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Che, H., Zhang, X.Y., Chen, H.B., Damiri, B., Goloub, P., Li, Z.Q., Zhang, X.C., Wei, Y., Zhou, H.G., and Dong, F. (2009). Instrument calibration and aerosol optical depth validation of the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network. J. Geophys. Res., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011030"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20673","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900282","article-title":"A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements","volume":"105","author":"Dubovik","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Videen, G., Yatskiv, Y., and Mishchenko, M. (2004). Photopolarimetry in Remote Sensing, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-2368-5"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubovik, O., Sinyuk, A., Lapyonok, T., Holben, B.N., Mishchenko, M., Yang, P., Eck, T.F., Volten, H., Munoz, O., and Veihelmann, B. (2006). Application of light scattering by spheroids for accounting for particle non-sphericity in remote sensing of desert dust. J. Geophys. Res., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006619"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-975-2011","article-title":"Statistically optimized inversion algorithm for enhanced retrieval of aerosol properties from spectral multi-angle polarimetric satellite observations","volume":"4","author":"Dubovik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubovik, O., Lapyonok, T., Litvinov, P., Herman, M., Fuertes, D., Ducos, F., Lopatin, A., Chaikovsky, A., Torres, B., and Derimian, Y. (2014). GRASP: A versatile algorithm for characterizing the atmosphere. Proc. SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/2.1201408.005558"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.11.005","article-title":"Models for surface reflection of radiance and polarized radiance: comparison with airborne multi-angle photo-polarimetric measurements and implications for modeling top-of-atmosphere measurements","volume":"115","author":"Litvinov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2012.06.027","article-title":"Model for land surface reflectance treatment: Physical derivation, application for bare soil and evaluation on airborne and satellite measurements","volume":"113","author":"Litvinov","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.44.000838","article-title":"Measurements of the roughness of the sea surface from photographs of the Sun\u2019s glitter","volume":"44","author":"Cox","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1999)038<0777:CDFTSP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud detection from the spaceborne POLDER instrument and validation against surface synoptic observations","volume":"38","author":"Colzy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-4-757-2011","article-title":"Thermal infrared remote sensing of mineral dust over land and ocean: A spectral SVD based retrieval approach for IASI","volume":"4","author":"Martynenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.036","article-title":"Information content of space-borne hyperspectral infrared observations with respect to mineral dust properties","volume":"156","author":"Banks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2015.11.020","article-title":"Optical properties of non-spherical desert dust particles in the terrestrial infrared\u2014An asymptotic approximation approach","volume":"178","author":"Kleiber","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9343","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-9343-2014","article-title":"Evaluation of IASI derived dust aerosols characteristics over the tropical belt","volume":"14","author":"Capelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1998)037<1385:ANNAFA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A neural network approach for a fast and accurate computation of longwave radiative budget","volume":"37","author":"Chevallier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-0145.1","article-title":"Infrared continental surface emissivity spectra and skin temperature retrieved from IASI observations over the tropics","volume":"51","author":"Capelle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-81-2007","article-title":"Reevaluation of mineral aerosol radiative forcings suggests a better agreement with satellite and AERONET data","volume":"7","author":"Balkanski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2577-2013","article-title":"Retrieval of desert dust aerosol vertical profiles from IASI measurements in the TIR atmospheric window","volume":"6","author":"Vandenbussche","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2051036","article-title":"Global land surface emissivity retrieved from satellite ultraspectral IR measurements","volume":"49","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.04.150","article-title":"Temperature and salinity dependence of sea surface emissivity in the thermal infrared","volume":"131","author":"Newman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(03)00167-5","article-title":"The infrared absorption cross-section and refractive-index data in HITRAN","volume":"82","author":"Massie","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12089","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-12089-2013","article-title":"Optimizing CALIPSO Saharan dust retrievals","volume":"13","author":"Amiridis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-2195-2013","article-title":"A unified approach to infrared aerosol remote sensing and aerosol type specification","volume":"13","author":"Clarisse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.47.003701","article-title":"Emissivity and reflection model for calculating unpolarized isotropic water surface-leaving radiance in the infrared. I: Theoretical development and calculations","volume":"47","author":"Nalli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.12.000564","article-title":"Infrared optical constants of ammonium sulfate, Sahara dust; volcanic pumice and flyash","volume":"12","author":"Volz","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Graaf, M., Stammes, P., Torres, O., and Koelemeijer, R.B.A. (2005). Absorbing aerosol index: Sensitivity analysis, application to GOME and comparison with TOMS. J. Geophys. Res., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005178"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tilstra, L.G., de Graaf, M., Aben, I., and Stammes, P. (2012). In-flight degradation correction of SCIAMACHY UV reflectances and Absorbing Aerosol Index. J. Geophys. Res., 117.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016957"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(03)00590-8","article-title":"GOMOS on Envisat: An overview","volume":"33","author":"Tamminen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11881","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-11881-2010","article-title":"Retrieval of atmospheric parameters from GOMOS data","volume":"10","author":"Tamminen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12091","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-12091-2010","article-title":"Global ozone monitoring by occultation of stars: An overview of GOMOS measurements on ENVISAT","volume":"10","author":"Bertaux","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanhellemont, F., Mateshvili, N., Blanot, L., Robert, C.E., Bingen, C., T\u00e9tard, C., Fussen, D., Dekemper, E., Sofieva, V., and Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4, E. (2016). AerGom, an improved algorithm for stratospheric aerosol extinction retrieval from GOMOS observations Part 1: Algorithm development. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Disc.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2016-28"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert, C.E., Bingen, C., Vanhellemont, F., Mateshvili, N., Dekemper, E., T\u00e9tard, C., Fussen, D., Zehner, C., Thomason, L.W., and McElroy, C.T. (2016). AerGom, an improved algorithm for stratospheric aerosol extinction retrieval from GOMOS observations Part 2: Intercomparisons. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Disc.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2016-27"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17069","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03066","article-title":"Remote sensing aerosols using satellite infrared observations","volume":"102","author":"Ackerman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-1973-2012","article-title":"Veihelmann, intercomparison of desert dust optical depth from satellite measurements","volume":"5","author":"Carboni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17099","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00900","article-title":"Derivation of aerosol properties from satellite measurements of backscattered ultraviolet radiation: Theoretical basis","volume":"103","author":"Torres","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-14-3657-2014","article-title":"Multi-decadal aerosol variations from 1980 to 2009: A perspective from observations and a global model","volume":"14","author":"Chin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022430","article-title":"Stratospheric sulfur and its implications for radiative forcing simulated by the chemistry climate model EMAC","volume":"120","author":"Lelieveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7017","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-7017-2015","article-title":"Sulfur dioxide (SO2) from MIPAS in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere 2002\u20132012","volume":"15","author":"Boone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206027","article-title":"The persistently variable \u201cbackground\u201d stratospheric aerosol layer and global climate change","volume":"333","author":"Solomon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/5\/421\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:23:58Z","timestamp":1760210638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/5\/421"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8050421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8050421","relation":{"is-referenced-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s11869-026-01897-7","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,16]]}}}