{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T11:44:24Z","timestamp":1779882264055,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1464825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41201419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41201419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport","award":["PRX14\/00100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX14\/00100"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and EU FEDER funds","award":["TIN2014-55413-C2-2-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIN2014-55413-C2-2-P"]}]},{"name":"UK Natural Environmental Research Council","award":["NE\/K010794\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/K010794\/1"]}]},{"name":"UK Natural Environmental Research Council","award":["NE\/N012151\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/N012151\/1"]}]},{"name":"ESA-MOST DRAGON-3 projects","award":["10607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10607"]}]},{"name":"ESA-MOST DRAGON-3 projects","award":["10665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10665"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beijing is one of the most water-stressed cities in the world. Due to over-exploitation of groundwater, the Beijing region has been suffering from land subsidence since 1935. In this study, the Small Baseline InSAR technique has been employed to process Envisat ASAR images acquired between 2003 and 2010 and TerraSAR-X stripmap images collected from 2010 to 2011 to investigate land subsidence in the Beijing region. The maximum subsidence is seen in the eastern part of Beijing with a rate greater than 100 mm\/year. Comparisons between InSAR and GPS derived subsidence rates show an RMS difference of 2.94 mm\/year with a mean of 2.41 \u00b1 1.84 mm\/year. In addition, a high correlation was observed between InSAR subsidence rate maps derived from two different datasets (i.e., Envisat and TerraSAR-X). These demonstrate once again that InSAR is a powerful tool for monitoring land subsidence. InSAR derived subsidence rate maps have allowed for a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis to identify the main triggering factors of land subsidence. Some interesting relationships in terms of land subsidence were found with groundwater level, active faults, accumulated soft soil thickness and different aquifer types. Furthermore, a relationship with the distances to pumping wells was also recognized in this work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]],"date-time":"2016-06-02T10:19:08Z","timestamp":1464862748000},"page":"468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":186,"title":["Imaging Land Subsidence Induced by Groundwater Extraction in Beijing (China) Using Satellite Radar Interferometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 10048, China"},{"name":"Center for Observation &amp; Modeling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes &amp; Tectonics (COMET), School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-9441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Tom\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Observation &amp; Modeling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes &amp; Tectonics (COMET), School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, UK"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, Alicante 03080, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Observation &amp; Modeling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes &amp; Tectonics (COMET), School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Motagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Department of Geodesy, Potsdam 14473, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Observation &amp; Modeling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes &amp; Tectonics (COMET), School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, UK"},{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Observation &amp; Modeling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes &amp; Tectonics (COMET), School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, UK"},{"name":"Earthquake Administration of Beijing Municipality, Beijing 100080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huili","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 10048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 10048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Fissures Geological Disaster, Ministry of Land and Resources (Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xulong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earth Fissures Geological Disaster, Ministry of Land and Resources (Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.022","article-title":"Water on an urban planet: Urbanization and the reach of urban water infrastructure","volume":"27","author":"McDonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. 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