{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T17:09:32Z","timestamp":1770916172235,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of automated methods to estimate fractional vegetation cover (FVC) from digital photographs has increased in recent years given its potential to produce accurate, fast and inexpensive FVC measurements. Wide acceptance has been delayed because of the limitations in accuracy, speed, automation and generalization of these methods. This work introduces a novel technique, the Automated Canopy Estimator (ACE) that overcomes many of these challenges to produce accurate estimates of fractional vegetation cover using an unsupervised segmentation process. ACE is shown to outperform nine other segmentation algorithms, consisting of both threshold-based and machine learning approaches, in the segmentation of photographs of four different crops (oat, corn, rapeseed and flax) with an overall accuracy of 89.6%. ACE is similarly accurate (88.7%) when applied to remotely sensed corn, producing FVC estimates that are strongly correlated with ground truth values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,24]],"date-time":"2016-06-24T11:03:11Z","timestamp":1466766191000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Increasing the Accuracy and Automation of Fractional Vegetation Cover Estimation from Digital Photographs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Coy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica"}]},{"given":"Dale","family":"Rankine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8240-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Great Plains Research Station, USDA-ARS, Akron, CO 80720, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4933-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2006.05.069","article-title":"Comparison of five canopy cover estimation techniques in the western Oregon Cascades","volume":"232","author":"Fiala","year":"2006","journal-title":"For. 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