{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T08:49:12Z","timestamp":1769849352897,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,2]],"date-time":"2016-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41371492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41371492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Doctoral Program","award":["20130001110046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20130001110046"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Scholarship Council"},{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Science Division"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leaf scattering spectrum is the key optical variable that conveys information about leaf absorbing constituents from remote sensing. It cannot be directly measured from space because the radiation scattered from leaves is affected by the 3D canopy structure. In addition, some radiation is specularly reflected at the surface of leaves. This portion of reflected radiation is partly polarized, does not interact with pigments inside the leaf and therefore contains no information about its interior. Very little empirical data are available on the spectral and angular scattering properties of leaf surfaces. Whereas canopy-structure effects are well understood, the impact of the leaf surface reflectance on estimation of leaf absorption spectra remains uncertain. This paper presents empirical and theoretical analyses of angular, spectral, and polarimetric measurements of light reflected by needles and shoots of Pinus koraiensis and Picea koraiensis species. Our results suggest that ignoring the leaf surface reflected radiation can result in an inaccurate estimation of the leaf absorption spectrum. Polarization measurements may be useful to account for leaf surface effects because radiation reflected from the leaf surface is partly polarized, whereas that from the leaf interior is not.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,4]],"date-time":"2016-07-04T10:04:21Z","timestamp":1467626661000},"page":"563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Analyses of Impact of Needle Surface Properties on Estimation of Needle Absorption Spectrum: Case Study with Coniferous Needle and Shoot Samples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Spatial Information Integration and 3S Application, Institute of RS and GIS, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Knyazikhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Spatial Information Integration and 3S Application, Institute of RS and GIS, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4262-1772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"School of Geography, State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8079-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taejin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9082-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"M\u00f5ttus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 68, Helsinki, FI 00014, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miina","family":"Rautiainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15800, Aalto 00076, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ranga","family":"Myneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Spatial Information Integration and 3S Application, Institute of RS and GIS, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06591","article-title":"Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks","volume":"451","author":"Heimann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1890\/06-2057.1","article-title":"Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed","volume":"89","author":"LeBauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219393110","article-title":"Remote sensing of canopy chemistry","volume":"110","author":"Ustin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E185","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210196109","article-title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing of foliar nitrogen content","volume":"110","author":"Knyazikhin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00011-1","article-title":"Remote sensing of nitrogen and lignin in Mediterranean vegetation from aviris data: Decomposing biochemical from structural signals","volume":"81","author":"Serrano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(87)90064-2","article-title":"Diffuse and specular characteristics of leaf reflectance","volume":"22","author":"Grant","year":"1987","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1993.tb01753.x","article-title":"Polarized and specular reflectance variation with leaf surface features","volume":"88","author":"Grant","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Plantarum"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, J. (1981). The Radiation Regime and Architecture of Plant Stands, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8647-3"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanderbilt, V., and Grant, L. (1985). Plant canopy specular reflectance model. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 722\u2013730.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1985.289390"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.05.026","article-title":"Stochastic transport theory for investigating the three-dimensional canopy structure from space measurements","volume":"112","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1109\/36.628798","article-title":"A four-scale bidirectional reflectance model based on canopy architecture","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1985.289389","article-title":"Geometric-optical modeling of a conifer forest canopy","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.07.005","article-title":"Leaf BRDF measurements and model for specular and diffuse components differentiation","volume":"98","author":"Bousquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"183","article-title":"Leaf reflectance of near-infrared","volume":"40","author":"Gausman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Picea Koraiensis. Available online: http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005304."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Pinus Koraiensis. Available online: http:\/\/www.efloras.org\/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005340."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2011.05.011","article-title":"The effects of grain size on bidirectional polarized reflectance factor measurements of snow","volume":"112","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.001","article-title":"Progress in field spectroscopy","volume":"113","author":"Milton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Chandrasekhar, S. (1960). Radiative Transfer, Dover Publications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(70)80023-2","article-title":"Optical stokes parameters for farm crop identification","volume":"1","author":"Egan","year":"1970","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Coulson, K.L. (1988). Polarization and Intensity of Light in the Atmosphere, A Deepak Publiaction."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.03.002","article-title":"Reflectance quantities in optical remote sensing\u2014Definitions and case studies","volume":"103","author":"Schaepman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2305168","article-title":"On hyperspectral remote sensing of leaf biophysical constituents: Decoupling vegetation structure and leaf optics using Chris\u2013Proba data over crops in Barrax","volume":"11","author":"Knyazikhin","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.12.015","article-title":"Spectral invariants and scattering across multiple scales from within-leaf to canopy","volume":"109","author":"Lewis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2010.06.014","article-title":"Canopy spectral invariants. Part 1: A new concept in remote sensing of vegetation","volume":"112","author":"Knyazikhin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2010.06.004","article-title":"Canopy spectral invariants, part 2: Application to classification of forest types from hyperspectral data","volume":"112","author":"Schull","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.10.010","article-title":"Simple parameterizations of the radiation budget of uniform broadleaved and coniferous canopies","volume":"94","author":"Smolander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.02.012","article-title":"Prospect-4 and 5: Advances in the leaf optical properties model separating photosynthetic pigments","volume":"112","author":"Feret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(90)90100-Z","article-title":"Prospect: A model of leaf optical properties spectra","volume":"34","author":"Jacquemoud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.06.003","article-title":"A method to account for shoot scale clumping in coniferous canopy reflectance models","volume":"88","author":"Smolander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(82)90034-7","article-title":"Irradiance measurement errors due to the assumption of a Lambertian reference panel","volume":"12","author":"Kimes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2013.782112","article-title":"Optical properties of leaves and needles for boreal tree species in Europe","volume":"4","author":"Stenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.019","article-title":"A note on upscaling coniferous needle spectra to shoot spectral albedo","volume":"117","author":"Rautiainen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.05.013","article-title":"Photon recollision probability in modelling the radiation regime of canopies\u2014A review","volume":"183","author":"Stenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-2007-2013","article-title":"The Airborne Multiangle Spectropolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI): A new tool for aerosol and cloud remote sensing","volume":"6","author":"Diner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starr, D.O.C. Available online: https:\/\/www.osapublishing.org\/abstract.cfm?uri=HISE-2011-HMA4.","DOI":"10.1364\/HISE.2011.HMA4"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/7\/563\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:21Z","timestamp":1760210721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/7\/563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,2]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8070563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8070563","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,2]]}}}