{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:37:28Z","timestamp":1779298648341,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]],"date-time":"2016-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Europe, water levels in wetlands are widely controlled by environmental managers and farmers. However, the influence of these management practices on hydrodynamics and biodiversity remains poorly understood. This study assesses advantages of using radar data from the recently launched Sentinel-1A satellite to monitor hydrological dynamics of the Poitevin marshland in western France. We analyze a time series of 14 radar images acquired in VV and HV polarizations from December 2014 to May 2015 with a 12-day time step. Both polarizations are used with a hysteresis thresholding algorithm which uses both spatial and temporal information to distinguish open water, flooded vegetation and non-flooded grassland. Classification results are compared to in situ piezometric measurements combined with a Digital Terrain Model derived from LiDAR data. Results reveal that open water is successfully detected, whereas flooded grasslands with emergent vegetation and fine-grained patterns are detected with moderate accuracy. Five hydrological regimes are derived from the flood duration and mapped. Analysis of time steps in the time series shows that decreased temporal repetitivity induces significant differences in estimates of flood duration. These results illustrate the great potential to monitor variations in seasonal floods with the high temporal frequency of Sentinel-1A acquisitions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]],"date-time":"2016-07-05T10:06:19Z","timestamp":1467713179000},"page":"570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Mapping and Characterization of Hydrological Dynamics in a Coastal Marsh Using High Temporal Resolution Sentinel-1A Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Cazals","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, IGN, LaSTIG\/\/MATIS, 6-8 av. B. Pascal, Cit\u00e9 Descartes, Champs sur Marne, 77455 Marne la Vall\u00e9e Cedex 2, France"},{"name":"GISWAY, 55 Rue La Bo\u00e9tie, Paris 75008, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Rapinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes Cedex 35042, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0956-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre-Louis","family":"Frison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, IGN, LaSTIG\/\/MATIS, 6-8 av. B. Pascal, Cit\u00e9 Descartes, Champs sur Marne, 77455 Marne la Vall\u00e9e Cedex 2, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Bonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UMR 6553 ECOBIO, Universit\u00e9 de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes Cedex 35042, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0619-9503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire","family":"Mercier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UMR 6285 Lab-STICC, TELECOM Bretagne, Technopole Brest-Iroise, Brest Cedex 29238, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2675-165X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e9ment","family":"Mallet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IGN, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e, LaSTIG\/MATIS, 73 avenue de Paris, 94160 Saint-Mand\u00e9, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Corgne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UMR 6554 LETG Rennes, Universit\u00e9 Haute Bretagne, Place Henri Le Moal, Rennes Cedex 35043, France;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Rudant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, IGN, LaSTIG\/\/MATIS, 6-8 av. B. Pascal, Cit\u00e9 Descartes, Champs sur Marne, 77455 Marne la Vall\u00e9e Cedex 2, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2011.631014","article-title":"Ecosystem services of wetlands: Pathfinder for a new paradigm","volume":"56","author":"Maltby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s13157-012-0279-7","article-title":"Enhanced detection of wetland-stream connectivity using LiDAR","volume":"32","author":"Lang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2013.03.006","article-title":"Wetlands in Europe: Perspectives for restoration of a lost paradise","volume":"66","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecohyd.2015.06.002","article-title":"A simple model to quantify the potential trade-off between water level management for ecological benefit and flood risk","volume":"15","author":"Stratford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2010.18525.x","article-title":"Plant traits capture species diversity and coexistence mechanisms along a disturbance gradient","volume":"120","author":"Violle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12588","article-title":"Effects of water level and grassland management on alpha and beta diversity of birds in restored wetlands","volume":"53","author":"Gustafson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Mitsch, W.J., and Gosselink, J.G. (2007). Wetlands, John Wiley & Sons. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608949139","article-title":"Monitoring global vegetation dynamics with ERS-I wind scatterometer data","volume":"17","author":"Frison","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00015-9","article-title":"Analysis of ERS wind scatterometer TIME series over Sahel (Mali)","volume":"81","author":"Jarlan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1109\/36.752212","article-title":"A study of vegetation cover effect on ERS scatterometers data","volume":"37","author":"Wagner","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1989.35942","article-title":"Seasat over land scatterometer data, part I: Global overview of the Ku-band backscatter coefficients","volume":"27","author":"Kennett","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.5589\/m13-018","article-title":"Spatio-temporal monitoring of evaporitic processes using multi-resolution C band radar remote sensing data: Example over the Chott el Djerid","volume":"39","author":"Frison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Scientific Data Hub\u2014Copernicus. Available online: https:\/\/www.scihub.copernicus.eu\/dhus\/#\/home\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7732","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607732","article-title":"Backscatter analysis using multi-temporal and multi-frequency SAR data in the context of flood mapping at River Saale, Germany","volume":"7","author":"Martinis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7615","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607615","article-title":"A collection of SAR methodologies for monitoring wetlands","volume":"7","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3368","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10449","article-title":"A review of low-cost space-borne data for flood modelling: Topography, flood extent and water level","volume":"29","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Processes"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00221-8","article-title":"Delineation of delta ecozones using interferometric SAR phase coherence: Mackenzie River Delta, NWT","volume":"78","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.5589\/m12-017","article-title":"One year wetland survey investigations from quad-pol RADARSAT-2 time-series SAR images","volume":"38","author":"Pottier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.5589\/m11-017","article-title":"Evaluation of C-band polarization diversity and polarimetry for wetland mapping","volume":"37","author":"Brisco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betbeder, J., Rapinel, S., Corpetti, T., Pottier, E., Corgne, S., and Hubert-Moy, L. (2014). Multitemporal classification of TerraSAR-X data for wetland vegetation mapping. J. Appl. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2029092"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van der Sanden, J.J., Geldsetzer, T., Short, N., and Brisco, B. (2012). Advanced SAR Applications for Canada\u2019s Cryosphere (Freshwater Ice and Permafrost), Natural Resources Canada. Final Technical Report for the Government Related Initiatives Program (GRIP).","DOI":"10.4095\/291867"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1109\/36.406675","article-title":"Delineation of inundated area and vegetation along the Amazon floodplain with the SIR-C synthetic aperture radar","volume":"33","author":"Hess","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2085417","article-title":"C-band cross-polarization wind speed retrieval","volume":"8","author":"Vachon","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.5589\/m04-011","article-title":"Potential of RADARSAT-2 data for operational sea ice monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Scheuchl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-011-9111-9","article-title":"Timely low resolution SAR imagery to support floodplain modelling: A case study review","volume":"32","author":"Schumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Schumann, G., Henry, J.-B., Hoffmann, L., Pfister, L., Pappenberger, F., and Matgen, P. (2005, January 6\u20139). Demonstrating the high potential of remote sensing in hydraulic modeling and flood risk management. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Society with the NERC Earth Observation Conference, Portsmouth, UK."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3390\/w5031036","article-title":"Wetland monitoring using the curvelet-based change detection method on polarimetric SAR imagery","volume":"5","author":"Schmitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.012","article-title":"Mapping of flood dynamics and spatial distribution of vegetation in the Amazon floodplain using multitemporal SAR data","volume":"108","author":"Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.002","article-title":"Flood monitoring using multi-temporal COSMO-SkyMed data: Image segmentation and signature interpretation","volume":"115","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.06.026","article-title":"Seasonal inundation monitoring and vegetation pattern mapping of the Erguna floodplain by means of a RADARSAT-2 fully polarimetric time series","volume":"152","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2283340","article-title":"Flood mapping with TerraSAR-X in forested regions in Estonia","volume":"7","author":"Voormansik","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"A prototype system for flood monitoring based on flood forecast combined with COSMO-SkyMed and Sentinel-1 data","volume":"99","author":"Boni","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-11-529-2011","article-title":"An algorithm for operational flood mapping from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data using fuzzy logic","volume":"11","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-9-303-2009","article-title":"Towards operational near real-time flood detection using a split-based automatic thresholding procedure on high resolution TerraSAR-X data","volume":"9","author":"Martinis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2010.12.009","article-title":"Towards an automated SAR-based flood monitoring system: Lessons learned from two case studies","volume":"36","author":"Matgen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts ABC"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.07.014","article-title":"A fully automated TerraSAR-X based flood service","volume":"104","author":"Martinis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767851","article-title":"A computational approach to edge detection","volume":"6","author":"Canny","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Aulard-Macler, M. (2012). Sentinel-1 Product Definition, MDA Technical Note Ref. S1-RS-MDA-52\u20137440, MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates (MDA)."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2013.121","article-title":"Ditch network extraction and hydrogeomorphological characterization using LiDAR-derived DTM in wetlands","volume":"46","author":"Rapinel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.5589\/m03-040","article-title":"Assessment of airborne scanning laser altimetry (LiDAR) in a deltaic wetland environment","volume":"29","author":"Pietroniro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"SNAP Software, Brockmann Consult, Array Systems Computing and C-S. Available online: http:\/\/www.step.esa.int\/main\/toolboxes\/snap\/."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Miranda, N., and Meadows, P.J. (2015). Radiometric Calibration of S-1 Level-1 Products Generated by the S-1 IPF, ESA-EOPG-CSCOP-TN-0002, European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1109\/34.56205","article-title":"Scale-space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion","volume":"12","author":"Perona","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Lee, J.-S., and Pottier, E. (2009). Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Applications, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1109\/36.842003","article-title":"Multitemporal ERS SAR analysis applied to forest mapping","volume":"38","author":"Quegan","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2750","article-title":"Detection of oil slick signatures in SAR images by fusion of hysteresis thresholding responses","volume":"4","author":"Kanaa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2011.2179638","article-title":"Multi-modal change detection, application to the detection of flooded areas: Outcome of the 2009\u20132010 data fusion contest","volume":"5","author":"Longbotham","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00357-014-9161-z","article-title":"Ward\u2019s hierarchical agglomerative clustering method: Which algorithms implement ward\u2019s criterion?","volume":"31","author":"Murtagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Classif."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.5589\/m07-047","article-title":"Wetland characterization using polarimetric RADARSAT-2 capability","volume":"33","author":"Touzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, S., Fatoyinbo, T.E., and Policelli, F. (2014). Flood extent mapping for Namibia using change detection and thresholding with SAR. Environ. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/3\/035002"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s12040-013-0305-z","article-title":"Integration of speckle de-noising and image segmentation using Synthetic Aperture Radar image for flood extent extraction","volume":"122","author":"Senthilnath","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merlin, A., Bonis, A., Damgaard, C.F., and Mesl\u00e9ard, F. (2015). Competition is a strong driving factor in wetlands, peaking during drying out periods. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130152"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021493327180","article-title":"Patterns in vegetation, hydrology, and nutrient availability in an undisturbed river floodplain in Poland","volume":"165","author":"Wassen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/7\/570\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:25:31Z","timestamp":1760210731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/7\/570"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8070570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8070570","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,5]]}}}