{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T18:24:07Z","timestamp":1770488647631,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["BES-2011-043322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BES-2011-043322"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["ESP2015-67549-C3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESP2015-67549-C3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007406","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n BBVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007406","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil moisture (SM) is an important component of the Earth\u2019s surface water balance and by extension the energy balance, regulating the land surface temperature (LST) and evapotranspiration (ET). Nowadays, there are two missions dedicated to monitoring the Earth\u2019s surface SM using L-band radiometers: ESA\u2019s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and NASA\u2019s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP). LST is remotely sensed using thermal infrared (TIR) sensors on-board satellites, such as NASA\u2019s Terra\/Aqua MODIS or ESA &amp; EUMETSAT\u2019s MSG SEVIRI. This study provides an assessment of SM and LST dynamics at daily and seasonal scales, using 4 years (2011\u20132014) of in situ and satellite observations over the central part of the river Duero basin in Spain. Specifically, the agreement of instantaneous SM with a variety of LST-derived parameters is analyzed to better understand the fundamental link of the SM\u2013LST relationship through ET and thermal inertia. Ground-based SM and LST measurements from the REMEDHUS network are compared to SMOS SM and MODIS LST spaceborne observations. ET is obtained from the HidroMORE regional hydrological model. At the daily scale, a strong anticorrelation is observed between in situ SM and maximum LST (R     \u2248 \u2212    0.6 to \u22120.8), and between SMOS SM and MODIS LST Terra\/Aqua day (R     \u2248 \u2212     0.7). At the seasonal scale, results show a stronger anticorrelation in autumn, spring and summer (in situ R     \u2248 \u2212    0.5 to \u22120.7; satellite R     \u2248 \u2212    0.4 to \u22120.7) indicating SM\u2013LST coupling, than in winter (in situ R \u2248 +0.3; satellite R     \u2248 \u2212    0.3) indicating SM\u2013LST decoupling. These different behaviors evidence changes from water-limited to energy-limited moisture flux across seasons, which are confirmed by the observed ET evolution. In water-limited periods, SM is extracted from the soil through ET until critical SM is reached. A method to estimate the soil critical SM is proposed. For REMEDHUS, the critical SM is estimated to be \u223c0.12 m     3    \/m     3    , stable over the study period and consistent between in situ and satellite observations. A better understanding of the SM\u2013LST link could not only help improving the representation of LST in current hydrological and climate prediction models, but also refining SM retrieval or microwave-optical disaggregation algorithms, related to ET and vegetation status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T09:47:19Z","timestamp":1468230439000},"page":"587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Multi-Temporal Evaluation of Soil Moisture and Land Surface Temperature Dynamics Using in Situ and Satellite Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Pablos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Campus Nord, buildings D3 and D4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Expert Centre (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0446-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Duero 12, 37185 Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Piles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Expert Centre (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM\/CSIC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8396-6550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilda","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), University of Salamanca (USAL), Duero 12, 37185 Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain"}]},{"given":"Merc\u00e8","family":"Vall-llossera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Campus Nord, buildings D3 and D4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Expert Centre (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Camps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC) and Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Campus Nord, buildings D3 and D4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Barcelona Expert Centre (BEC), Passeig Mar\u00edtim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GCOS, Global Climate Observing System Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC, 2010, GCOS-138 (GOOS-184, GTOS-76, WMO-TD\/No. 1523). 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