{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:46:38Z","timestamp":1772207198670,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radar backscatter from forest canopies is related to forest cover, canopy structure and aboveground biomass (AGB). The S-band frequency (3.1\u20133.3 GHz) lies between the longer L-band (1\u20132 GHz) and the shorter C-band (5\u20136 GHz) and has been insufficiently studied for forest applications due to limited data availability. In anticipation of the British built NovaSAR-S satellite mission, this study evaluates the benefits of polarimetric S-band SAR for forest biophysical properties. To understand the scattering mechanisms in forest canopies at S-band the Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering (MIMICS-I) radiative transfer model was used. S-band backscatter was found to have high sensitivity to the forest canopy characteristics across all polarisations and incidence angles. This sensitivity originates from ground\/trunk interaction as the dominant scattering mechanism related to broadleaved species for co-polarised mode and specific incidence angles. The study was carried out in the temperate mixed forest at Savernake Forest and Wytham Woods in southern England, where airborne S-band SAR imagery and field data are available from the recent AirSAR campaign. Field data from the test sites revealed wide ranges of forest parameters, including average canopy height (6\u201323 m), diameter at breast-height (7\u201342 cm), basal area (0.2\u201356 m2\/ha), stem density (20\u2013350 trees\/ha) and woody biomass density (31\u2013520 t\/ha). S-band backscatter-biomass relationships suggest increasing backscatter sensitivity to forest AGB with least error between 90.63 and 99.39 t\/ha and coefficient of determination (r2) between 0.42 and 0.47 for the co-polarised channel at 0.25 ha resolution. The conclusion is that S-band SAR data such as from NovaSAR-S is suitable for monitoring forest aboveground biomass less than 100 t\/ha at 25 m resolution in low to medium incidence angle range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T09:45:15Z","timestamp":1469007915000},"page":"609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Airborne S-Band SAR for Forest Biophysical Retrieval in Temperate Mixed Forests of the UK"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Ningthoujam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiko","family":"Balzter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9116-8081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Tansey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Group, School of Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"France","family":"Gerard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadvinder","family":"Malhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environment, South Parks Road Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"}]},{"given":"Geoff","family":"Burbidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airbus Defence and Space\u2014Space Systems, Anchorage Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO3 5PU, UK"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Doody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Airbus Defence and Space\u2014Space Systems, Anchorage Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO3 5PU, UK"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Veck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Satellite Applications Catapult, Electron Building Fermi Avenue Harwell, Oxford Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QR, UK"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Llewellyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Environment Research Council, Airborne Research &amp; Survey Facility, Firfax Building, Meteor Business Park, Cheltenham Road East, Gloucester GL2 9QL, UK"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Blythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Commission, Bristol and Savernake, Leigh Woods Office, Abbots Leigh Road, Bristol BS8 3QB, UK"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Rodriguez-Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO), University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Sybrand","family":"Van Beijma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geo-Intelligence, Airbus Defence and Space, Compass House, 60 Priesley Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford GU2 7AG, UK"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Spies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5065-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Padilla-Parellada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Edwards-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radar Group, School of Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Shrivenham, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Building, Delft University of Technology, 23 Stevinweg, Delft PO-box 5048, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07276","article-title":"Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks","volume":"455","author":"Luyssaert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12629","article-title":"Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees","volume":"20","author":"Chave","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0100-x","article-title":"Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests","volume":"145","author":"Chave","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(97)00036-6","article-title":"The role of european forests in the global carbon cycle\u2014A review","volume":"13","author":"Nabuurs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2006049","article-title":"Carbon accumulation in Finland\u2019s forests 1922\u20132004\u2014An estimate obtained by combination of forest inventory data with modelling of biomass, litter and soil","volume":"63","author":"Liski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.01.009","article-title":"Uncertainty of remotely sensed aboveground biomass over an African tropical forest: Propagating errors from trees to plots to pixels","volume":"160","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01120.x","article-title":"The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth amazonian forests","volume":"12","author":"Malhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2581","article-title":"Recent reversal in loss of global terrestrial biomass","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9899","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1019576108","article-title":"Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents","volume":"108","author":"Saatchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1354","article-title":"Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps","volume":"2","author":"Baccini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12256","article-title":"Seeing the forest beyond the trees","volume":"24","author":"Saatchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12168","article-title":"Markedly divergent estimates of amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites","volume":"23","author":"Mitchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12125","article-title":"Carbon stock and density of northern boreal and temperate forests","volume":"23","author":"Thurner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00130-X","article-title":"Remote sensing estimates of boreal and temperate forest woody biomass: Carbon pools, sources, and sinks","volume":"84","author":"Dong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261555198","article-title":"A large carbon sink in the woody biomass of northern forests","volume":"98","author":"Myneni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045032","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/2\/4\/045032","article-title":"Mapping russian forest biomass with data from satellites and forest inventories","volume":"2","author":"Houghton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1601","article-title":"Radar backscatter is not a \u2018direct measure\u2019 of forest biomass","volume":"2","author":"Woodhouse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2012.01471.x","article-title":"Tropical forest biomass estimation and the fallacy of misplaced concreteness","volume":"23","author":"Clark","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.483486","article-title":"The development of HJ SAR soil moisture retrieval algorithm","volume":"31","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Bird, R., Whittaker, P., Stern, B., Angli, N., Cohen, M., and Guida, R. (2013, January 23\u201327). NovaSAR-S a low cost approach to sar applications, synthetic aperture radar. Proceedings of the IEEE 2013 Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR), Tsukuba, Japan."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Mission to Earth: NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, Available online: http:\/\/www.Jpl.Nasa.Gov\/missions\/nasa-isro-synthetic-aperture-radar-nisar\/."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2086436","article-title":"An evaluation of the ALOS PALSAR L-band backscatter\u2014Above ground biomass relationship Queensland, Australia: Impacts of surface moisture condition and vegetation structure","volume":"3","author":"Lucas","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.03.018","article-title":"L- and P-band backscatter intensity for biomass retrieval in hemiboreal forest","volume":"115","author":"Sandberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2176133","article-title":"Assessing performance of L- and P-band polarimetric interferometric SAR data in estimating boreal forest above-ground biomass","volume":"50","author":"Neumann","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954284","article-title":"Retrieval of forest biomass from SAR data","volume":"15","author":"Beaudoin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1109\/36.134089","article-title":"Relating forest biomass to SAR data","volume":"30","author":"Beaudoin","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.07.015","article-title":"Impact of spatial variability of tropical forest structure on radar estimation of aboveground biomass","volume":"115","author":"Saatchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110092894","article-title":"Large-scale vegetation maps derived from the combined L-band GRFM and C-band CAMP wide area radar mosaics of Central Africa","volume":"23","author":"Mayaux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.09.018","article-title":"Retrieval of growing stock volume in boreal forest using hyper-temporal series of ENVISAT ASAR scansar backscatter measurements","volume":"115","author":"Santoro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1995.8746034","article-title":"Radar backscatter and biomass saturation: Ramifications for global biomass inventory","volume":"33","author":"Imhoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608949140","article-title":"Evaluation of JERS-1, ERS-1 and ALMAZ SAR backscatter for rubber and oil palm stands in West Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Rosenqvist","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Olsson, H., Naslund, B., Hagner, O., and Sylvander, R. (1991). Workshop on Remote Sensing for Forestry Applications, Commission of the European Communities JRC ISPRA. Vol. Report EUR 14445 EN."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Brown, R.J., Brisco, B., Ahern, F., Yatabe, S.M., and Drieman, J. (1992, January 4\u20136). Preliminary ERS-1 assessment for canadian agriculture and forestry applications. Proceedings of the First ERS-1 Symposium, Cannes, France."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169008955090","article-title":"Michigan microwave canopy scattering model","volume":"11","author":"Ulaby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Crutchley, S.P., Small, F., and Bowden, M. (2009). Savernake Forest: A Report for the National Mapping Programme, English Heritage."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Hall, J.E., Kirby, K.J., and Whitbread, A.M. (2004). National Vegetation Classification: Field Guide to Woodland."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2307\/2260011","article-title":"Historical factors affecting the number and distribution of vascular plant species in the woodlands of Central Lincolnshire","volume":"72","author":"Peterken","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpm045","article-title":"Effects of climate and management history on the distribution and growth of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) in a southern British woodland in comparison to native competitors","volume":"81","author":"Morecroft","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpu026","article-title":"Changes in the tree and shrub layer of Wytham Woods (southern England) 1974\u20132012: Local and national trends compared","volume":"87","author":"Kirby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2010.05.028","article-title":"Soil CO2 efflux in a temperate deciduous forest: Environmental drivers and component contributions","volume":"42","author":"Fenn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Butt, N., Campbell, G., Malhi, Y., Morecroft, M., Fenn, K., and Thomas, M. (2009). Initial Results from Establishment of a Long-Term Broadleaf Monitoring Plot at Wytham Woods, Oxford, UK, University of Oxford."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"3735","article-title":"Comprehensive description of the carbon cycle of an ancient temperate broadleaved woodland","volume":"7","author":"Fenn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeosci. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954287","article-title":"Relationships between physical characteristics and polarimetric radar backscatter for corsican pine stands in thetford forest, UK","volume":"15","author":"Baker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Airbus (2013). Airborne SAR Demonstrator Facility (AIRSAR) Flight Plan, Airbus Defence and Space."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Airbus (2013). Airborne SAR Demonstrator Facility (AIRSAR) d2: User Guide, Airbus Defence and Space."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070577","article-title":"Mapping forest cover and forest cover change with airborne S-band radar","volume":"8","author":"Ningthoujam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-179-2012","article-title":"Mapping tropical forest biomass with radar and spaceborne lidar in Lop\u00e9 National Park, Gabon: Overcoming problems of high biomass and persistent cloud","volume":"9","author":"Mitchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Sykes, J.M., and Lane, A.M.J. (1996). The United Kingdom Environmental Change Network: Protocols for Standard Measurements at Terrestrial Sites, The Stationery Office."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Environmental Change Network, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Data Citation Code: Ecn:Rn12\/14. Available online: http:\/\/data.ecn.ac.uk."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001657524","article-title":"Predictions of microwave attenuation through vegetation: A comparison with measurements","volume":"25","author":"Bosisio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00048-6","article-title":"A microwave polarimetric scattering model for forest canopies based on vector radiative transfer theory","volume":"53","author":"Karam","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2470","article-title":"Radar backscattering model for multilayer mixed-species forests","volume":"43","author":"Liang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1109\/36.739096","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of tropical forest cover by SAR","volume":"37","author":"Grover","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Q., Zhang, F., Shao, Y., Liu, L., Wang, G., Bian, Z., and Li, K. (2012). S-band backscattering analysis of wheat using tower-based scatterometer. IEEE IGARSS, 4621\u20134624.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6350436"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"4","article-title":"Biomass and stem volume equations for tree species in Europe","volume":"4","author":"Zianis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Silv. Fenn. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.2307\/2258105","article-title":"Biomass and production of trees in a mixed deciduous woodland: I. Girth and height as parameters for the estimation of tree dry weight","volume":"5","author":"Bunce","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1163\/156939300X00734","article-title":"Indoor polarimetric radar measurements on vegetation samples at l, s, c and x band","volume":"14","author":"Cloude","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Electromagn. Waves Appl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7838","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.826836","article-title":"Ground-based C-band tomographic profiling of a conifer forest stand","volume":"34","author":"Morrison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00327-8","article-title":"Landscape-scale variation in forest structure and biomass in a tropical rain forest","volume":"137","author":"Clark","year":"2000","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2009.01285.x","article-title":"Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum","volume":"12","author":"Chave","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.03.020","article-title":"The biomass mission: Mapping global forest biomass to better understand the terrestrial carbon cycle","volume":"115","author":"Quegan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, A., Krieger, G., Younis, M., Hajnsek, I., Papathanassiou, K., Eineder, M., and De Zan, F. (2011, January 24\u201329). Tandem-l: A mission proposal for monitoring dynamic earth processes. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International in Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049324"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/7\/609\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:26:38Z","timestamp":1760210798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/7\/609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8070609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8070609","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]}}}