{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:28:18Z","timestamp":1769128098083,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital terrain models (DTM) have been used in soil mapping worldwide. When using such models, improved predictions are often attained with the input of extra variables provided by the use of proximal sensors, such as magnetometers and portable X-ray fluorescence scanners (pXRF). This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of such tools for mapping soil classes and properties in tropical conditions. Soils were classified and sampled at 39 locations in a regular-grid design with a 200-m distance between samples. A pXRF and a magnetometer were used in all samples, and DTM values were obtained for every sampling site. Through visual analysis, boxplots were used to identify the best variables for distinguishing soil classes, which were further mapped using fuzzy logic. The map was then validated in the field. An ordinary least square regression model was used to predict sand and clay contents using DTM, pXRF and the magnetometer as predicting variables. Variables obtained with pXRF showed a greater ability for predicting soil classes (overall accuracy of 78% and 0.67 kappa index), as well as for estimating sand and clay contents than those acquired with DTM and the magnetometer. This study showed that pXRF offers additional variables that are key for mapping soils and predicting soil properties at a detailed scale. This would not be possible using only DTM or magnetic susceptibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]],"date-time":"2016-07-25T10:04:26Z","timestamp":1469441066000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Proximal Sensing and Digital Terrain Models Applied to Digital Soil Mapping and Modeling of Brazilian Latosols (Oxisols)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Campus Una\u00ed, Av. Vereador Jo\u00e3o Narciso, 1380, Cachoeira, Una\u00ed 38610-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Giovana","family":"Poggere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Geila","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5387-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz","family":"Guilherme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Nilton","family":"Curi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-70542014000100006","article-title":"Detailed soil survey of an experimental watershed representative of the Brazilian Coastal Plains and its practical application","volume":"38","author":"Curi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Agrotecnol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"SBCS Brazilian Soil Science Society Bulletin. Available online: http:\/\/www.sbcs.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/boletim_v41_n3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-70542015000400003","article-title":"Pedotransfer functions for water retention in the main soils from the Brazilian Coastal Plains","volume":"39","author":"Curi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. 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