{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:23:08Z","timestamp":1770682988208,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Biosphere Reserve of La Mancha H\u00fameda is a wetland-rich area located in central Spain. This reserve comprises a set of temporary lakes, often saline, where water level fluctuates seasonally. Water inflows come mainly from direct precipitation and runoff of small lake watersheds. Most of these lakes lack surface outlets and behave as endorheic systems, where water withdrawal is mainly due to evaporation, causing salt accumulation in the lake beds. Remote sensing was used to estimate the temporal variation of the flooded area in these lakes and their associated hydrological patterns related to the seasonality of precipitation and evapotranspiration. Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite images for the reference period 2013\u20132015 were jointly used with ground-truth datasets. Several inverse modeling methods, such as two-band and multispectral indices, single-band threshold, classification methods, artificial neural network, support vector machine and genetic programming, were applied to retrieve information on the variation of the flooded areas. Results were compared to ground-truth data, and the classification errors were evaluated by means of the kappa coefficient. Comparative analyses demonstrated that the genetic programming approach yielded the best results, with a kappa value of 0.98 and a total error of omission-commission of 2%. The dependence of the variations in the water-covered area on precipitation and evaporation was also investigated. The results show the potential of the tested techniques to monitor the hydrological patterns of temporary lakes in semiarid areas, which might be useful for management strategy-linked lake conservation and specifically to accomplish the goals of both the European Water Framework Directive and the Habitats Directive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T10:34:47Z","timestamp":1469529287000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Monitoring Hydrological Patterns of Temporary Lakes Using Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Models: Case Study of La Mancha H\u00fameda Biosphere Reserve in Central Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Do\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ni-Bin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, 32816 FL, USA"}]},{"given":"Vicente","family":"Caselles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1027-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1035-9757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Llu\u00eds","family":"P\u00e9rez-Planells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bisquert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 16071 Cuenca, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7544-2872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicente","family":"Garc\u00eda-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Sanaz","family":"Imen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, 32816 FL, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0841-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03161291","article-title":"Origin, hydrologic functioning, and morphometric characteristics of small, shallow, semiarid lakes (lagunas) in La Mancha, central Spain","volume":"13","author":"Montes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Wetlands"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"89","article-title":"Seguimiento de aves ac\u00faaticas amenazadas en lagunas dela Reserva de la Biosfera de La Mancha H\u00fameda (Espa\u00f1a central)","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol\u00edgonos"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"103","article-title":"Teledeecci\u00f3n de cambios en la Laguna de Gallocanta","volume":"7","author":"Herrero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Memorias Real Soc. 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