{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T18:21:31Z","timestamp":1780424491536,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41321001 and 41571185"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41321001 and 41571185"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Basic Research Program of China","award":["2012CB955401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012CB955401"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University","award":["2015KJJCB33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015KJJCB33"]}]},{"name":"the New Century Excellent Talents in University","award":["NCET-10-0251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCET-10-0251"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent decades, the area and proportion of planted forests have increased; thus, understanding the responses of planted and natural forests to drought are crucial because it forms the basis for forest risk assessments and management strategies. In this study, we combined the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) enhanced vegetation index (EVI), meteorological aridity indices, and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration indices (SPEI) to identify the drought responses of planted and natural forests. In particular, we used the EVI standard anomaly (ESA) as a physiological drought indicator and analyzed the applicability of SPEIs at time scales of 1\u201330 months, thereby determining the optimal time scale for the SPEI (SPEIopt), i.e., the SPEI that best represents the drought responses of forests in Yunnan. Next, we employed the optimal SPEI and the ESA as indices to statistically analyze the response characteristics of planted and natural forests under different drought intensities. The results indicated the following: (1) The SPEI in June and a time scale of five months (i.e., SPEIJun,5) comprise the optimal meteorological aridity indicator for forests in Yunnan Province, which had the strongest correlation with the EVI standard anomaly (ESAJun). (2) All forest types were affected by drought in Yunnan, but their responses varied according to the forest type, elevation, and drought intensity. In general, natural forests are more vulnerable and sensitive to drought than planted forests, especially natural coniferous forests at low (0\u20132000 m) and moderate (2000\u20134000 m) altitudes, and natural mixed forest at low altitudes (0\u20132000 m). (3) The remote sensing-based ESA (ESAJun) is sensitive to the intensity of water stress, which makes it a good indicator for drought monitoring. In addition, the forests\u2019 inventory survey revealed that 8.05% of forests were affected by drought; thus, we used this as a guide to estimate an approximate threshold to map forest responses to drought across the region. Below this approximate threshold (i.e., ESAJun &lt; \u22123.85), severe drought-induced effects on forests may occur. Given that natural forests are more vulnerable and sensitive to drought than the planted forests, natural forests need more careful management, especially in the context of projected increases in extreme drought events in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,3]],"date-time":"2016-08-03T03:47:39Z","timestamp":1470196059000},"page":"635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Contrasting Responses of Planted and Natural Forests to Drought Intensity in Yunnan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Civil Affairs  Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Civil Affairs  Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Civil Affairs  Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8460-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Resource, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Civil Affairs  Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Ministry of Civil Affairs  Ministry of Education, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(01)00056-3","article-title":"The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests","volume":"55","author":"Foster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-386.1","article-title":"A global dataset of palmer drought severity index for 1870\u20132002: Relationship with soil moisture and effects of surface warming","volume":"5","author":"Dai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00522-2","article-title":"The interplay between climate change, forests, and disturbances","volume":"262","author":"Dale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11688","article-title":"Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought","volume":"491","author":"Choat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.001","article-title":"A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests","volume":"259","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Dahe, Q., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.K., and Allen, S.K. (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139177245"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10548","article-title":"Changes in plant community composition lag behind climate warming in lowland forests","volume":"479","author":"Bertrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-013-0458-8","article-title":"Plantation forests, climate change and biodiversity","volume":"22","author":"Pawson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12548","article-title":"Towards an advanced assessment of the hydrological vulnerability of forests to climate change-induced drought","volume":"201","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12465","article-title":"Evaluating theories of drought-induced vegetation mortality using a multimodel-experiment framework","volume":"200","author":"McDowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0016-8025.2001.00799.x","article-title":"Water deficits and hydraulic limits to leaf water supply","volume":"25","author":"Sperry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(00)00330-6","article-title":"Contrasting responses of a simple terrestrial ecosystem model to global change","volume":"134","author":"Huntingford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.129783","article-title":"Hydraulic failure defines the recovery and point of death in water-stressed conifers","volume":"149","author":"Brodribb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s13595-013-0300-1","article-title":"Evaluating the deployment of alternative species in planted conifer forests as a means of adaptation to climate change-case studies in new zealand and scotland","volume":"71","author":"Meason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-010-9936-4","article-title":"Does plantation forestry restore biodiversity or create green deserts? A synthesis of the effects of land-use transitions on plant species richness","volume":"19","author":"Bremer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-008-9380-x","article-title":"Plantation forests and biodiversity: Oxymoron or opportunity?","volume":"17","author":"Brockerhoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.01.007","article-title":"Response of ecosystem carbon fluxes to drought events in a poplar plantation in northern china","volume":"300","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12238","article-title":"Productivity as related to diversity and age in planted versus natural forests","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.06.013","article-title":"Forest resources assessment of 2015 shows positive global trends but forest loss and degradation persist in poor tropical countries","volume":"352","author":"Sloan","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.21012","article-title":"Evaluating the suitability of planted forests for african forest monkeys: A case study from kakamega forest, kenya","volume":"74","author":"Fashing","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.04.012","article-title":"Conversion of natural forests to managed forest plantations decreases tree resistance to prolonged droughts","volume":"355","author":"Domec","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12087","article-title":"The effect of a dry spring on seasonal carbon allocation and vegetation dynamics in a poplar bioenergy plantation","volume":"6","author":"Broeckx","year":"2014","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.09.050","article-title":"Contrasting vulnerability and resilience to drought-induced decline of densely planted vs. Natural rear-edge pinus nigra forests","volume":"310","author":"Camarero","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11632-009-0008-3","article-title":"Community structure and biodiversity in plantations and natural forests of seabuckthorn in southern Ningxia, China","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Stud. China"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"415","article-title":"Water flux and canopy conductance of natural versus planted forests in Patagonia, south America","volume":"23","author":"Gyenge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-5595-2014","article-title":"Net primary production of chinese fir plantation ecosystems and its relationship to climate","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samanta, A., Ganguly, S., Hashimoto, H., Devadiga, S., Vermote, E., Knyazikhin, Y., Nemani, R.R., and Myneni, R.B. (2010). Amazon forests did not green-up during the 2005 drought. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL042154"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1139\/er-2013-0006","article-title":"Monitoring and estimating drought-induced impacts on forest structure, growth, function, and ecosystem services using remote-sensing data: Recent progress and future challenges","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JG002820","article-title":"Satellite evidence for significant biophysical consequences of the \u201cgrain for green\u201d program on the loess plateau in china","volume":"119","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.07.010","article-title":"Carbon sequestration potential of the stands under the grain for green program in yunnan province, china","volume":"258","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"State Forestry Administration of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2015). The Main Results at Eighth National Forest Resources Inventory (2009\u20132013), Available online: http:\/\/www.forestry.gov.cn\/main\/65\/content-659670.html."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-011-0172-6","article-title":"Extreme drought event of 2009\/2010 over Southwestern China","volume":"115","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14039","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71014039","article-title":"Responses of natural vegetation to different stages of extreme drought during 2009\u20132010 in Southwestern China","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.06.035","article-title":"Co-Occurring tree species show contrasting sensitivity to enso-related droughts in planted dipterocarp forests","volume":"258","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-012-9596-1","article-title":"Modeling forest mortality caused by drought stress: Implications for climate change","volume":"16","author":"Gustafson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13585","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509991112","article-title":"Deciduous forest responses to temperature, precipitation, and drought imply complex climate change impacts","volume":"112","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the modis vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7176","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061535","article-title":"Can MODIS EVI monitor ecosystem productivity in the amazon rainforest?","volume":"41","author":"Maeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024011","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/2\/024011","article-title":"Tipping point of a conifer forest ecosystem under severe drought","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Department of Land Resources of Yunnan Province (2012). Yunnan Land and Resources Yearbook in 2011, Dehong Minorities Press."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","article-title":"A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index","volume":"23","author":"Begueria","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207068110","article-title":"Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes","volume":"110","author":"Gouveia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707615","article-title":"Assessments of drought impacts on vegetation in china with the optimal time scales of the climatic drought index","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2010.04.014","article-title":"Quantitative reconstruction of the late miocene monsoon climates of southwest China: A case study of the lincang flora from yunnan province","volume":"304","author":"Jacques","year":"2011","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03355.x","article-title":"Remote sensing detection of droughts in Amazonian forest canopies","volume":"187","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948945","article-title":"Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal avhrr data","volume":"7","author":"Holben","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"The Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center, Available online: http:\/\/reverb.echo.nasa.gov\/reverb\/#utf8=%E2%9C%93spatial_type=rectangle."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-12-1481-2012","article-title":"Climate trends and behaviour of drought indices based on precipitation and evapotranspiration in Portugal","volume":"12","author":"Paulo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"778","article-title":"Response of african humid tropical forests to recent rainfall anomalies","volume":"368","author":"Saatchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02499.x","article-title":"Quantifying the hydrological responses to climate change in an intact forested small watershed in Southern China","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5430","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00707.1","article-title":"Changes in drought characteristics over china using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diverse spatiotemporal responses in vegetation growth to droughts in China","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12945","article-title":"Time-Lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"The SPEI Calculation Procedure. Available online: http:\/\/digital.csic.es\/handle\/10261\/10002."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"China Meteorological Administration and the National Meteorological Information Center The China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System 2015. Available online: http:\/\/cdc.nmic.cn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3103\/S1068373915070079","article-title":"Comparison of interpolation methods for precipitation fields using the physically based and spatially distributed model of river runoff on the example of the Gharesou Basin, Iran","volume":"40","author":"Zeinivand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Meyers, L.S., Gamst, G.C., and Guarind, A.J. (2013). Performing Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS, John Wiley  Sons, LLC."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JG003144","article-title":"Abrupt shifts in phenology and vegetation productivity under climate extremes","volume":"120","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"The Forestry Department of Yunnan Province (2011). The Survey Methods of the Loss of Forest Resources by Drought Disaster in Yunnan Province."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"The State Forestry Bureau (2010). China Forestry Statistial Yearbook 2009\u20132012."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"The State Forestry Bureau (2011). China Forestry Statistial Yearbook 2009\u20132012."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"The State Forestry Bureau (2012). China Forestry Statistial Yearbook 2009\u20132012."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"The State Forestry Bureau (2013). China Forestry Statistial Yearbook 2009\u20132012."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, R. (2014). Handbook of Univariate and Multivariate Data Analysis with IBM SPSS, Chapman and Hall, LLC.","DOI":"10.1201\/b15605"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"274","article-title":"Effects of forest age on soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration differ between evergreen and deciduous forests","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.06.021","article-title":"Temporal-Spatial characteristics of severe drought events and their impact on agriculture on a global scale","volume":"349","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2010.01645.x","article-title":"Competition modulates the adaptation capacity of forests to climatic stress: Insights from recent growth decline and death in relict stands of the mediterranean fir abies pinsapo","volume":"98","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.3390\/f6061810","article-title":"Forest ecosystem services: Issues and challenges for biodiversity, conservation, and management in Italy","volume":"6","author":"Vizzarri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2003)001[0488:RDECAR]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience","volume":"1","author":"Elmqvist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1061-2971.2004.120401.x","article-title":"Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning:synthesis and perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Beth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2012.08.003","article-title":"Age-Related drought sensitivity of Atlas Cedar (cedrus atlantica) in the moroccan middle Atlas forests","volume":"31","author":"Linares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12994","article-title":"Net aboveground biomass declines of four major forest types with forest ageing and climate change in Western Canada\u2019s boreal forests","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1585-4","article-title":"Drought responses of conifers in ecotone forests of Northern Arizona: Tree ring growth and leaf sigma(13)c","volume":"140","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(00)01691-5","article-title":"Age-Related changes in photosynthesis of woody plants","volume":"5","author":"Barbara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1046.1","article-title":"Mortality of large trees and lianas following experimental drought in an Amazon forest","volume":"88","author":"Nepstad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"323","article-title":"Comparative Study of Plant Diversity between Betula alnoides plantation forestss and Adjacent Natural Forests","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Taiwan J. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2011.05.008","article-title":"Changes of xylem hydraulic efficiency and native embolism of tamarix ramosissima ledeb. Seedlings under different drought stress conditions and after rewatering","volume":"78","author":"Ayup","year":"2012","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6299(15)31026-7","article-title":"Effects of water supply and soil type on growth, vessel diameter and vessel frequency in seedlings of three fynbos shrubs and two forest trees","volume":"65","author":"February","year":"1999","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12279","article-title":"A model quantifying global vegetation resistance and resilience to short-term climate anomalies and their relationship with vegetation cover","volume":"24","author":"Lhermitte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16986","article-title":"Sensitivity of global terrestrial ecosystems to climate variability","volume":"531","author":"Seddon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/8\/635\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:31Z","timestamp":1760210851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/8\/635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8080635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8080635","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]}}}