{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T20:49:21Z","timestamp":1772311761275,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008736","name":"Fondef","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A field experiment was carried out to implement a remote sensing energy balance (RSEB) algorithm for estimating the incoming solar radiation (Rsi), net radiation (Rn), sensible heat flux (H), soil heat flux (G) and latent heat flux (LE) over a drip-irrigated olive (cv. Arbequina) orchard located in the Pencahue Valley, Maule Region, Chile (35\u00b025\u2032S; 71\u00b044\u2032W; 90 m above sea level). For this study, a helicopter-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was equipped with multispectral and infrared thermal cameras to obtain simultaneously the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and surface temperature (Tsurface) at very high resolution (6 cm \u00d7 6 cm). Meteorological variables and surface energy balance components were measured at the time of the UAV overpass (near solar noon). The performance of the RSEB algorithm was evaluated using measurements of H and LE obtained from an eddy correlation system. In addition, estimated values of Rsi and Rn were compared with ground-truth measurements from a four-way net radiometer while those of G were compared with soil heat flux based on flux plates. Results indicated that RSEB algorithm estimated LE and H with errors of 7% and 5%, respectively. Values of the root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) for LE were 50 and 43 W m\u22122 while those for H were 56 and 46 W m\u22122, respectively. Finally, the RSEB algorithm computed Rsi, Rn and G with error less than 5% and with values of RMSE and MAE less than 38 W m\u22122. Results demonstrated that multispectral and thermal cameras placed on an UAV could provide an excellent tool to evaluate the intra-orchard spatial variability of Rn, G, H, LE, NDVI and Tsurface over the tree canopy and soil surface between rows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]],"date-time":"2016-08-08T10:14:38Z","timestamp":1470651278000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Estimation of Energy Balance Components over a Drip-Irrigated Olive Orchard Using Thermal and Multispectral Cameras Placed on a Helicopter-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Ortega-Far\u00edas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia en Riego y Agroclimatolog\u00eda (CITRA) and Research program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ortega-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 311 Hardin Hall, 3310 Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Poblete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia en Riego y Agroclimatolog\u00eda (CITRA) and Research program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Kilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 311 Hardin Hall, 3310 Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Civil Engineering, Research and Ext. Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, Moscow, ID 83844, USA"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Poblete-Echeverr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Agronom\u00eda, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Quillota 2260000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Ahumada-Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia en Riego y Agroclimatolog\u00eda (CITRA) and Research program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Zu\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia en Riego y Agroclimatolog\u00eda (CITRA) and Research program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sep\u00falveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Transferencia en Riego y Agroclimatolog\u00eda (CITRA) and Research program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Partitionning of net radiation and evapotranspiration over a superintensive drip-irrigated olive orchard","volume":"1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Irrig. 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