{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:01:54Z","timestamp":1770037314313,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]],"date-time":"2016-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000848","name":"University Of Edinburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Principal\u2019s Career Development Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Principal\u2019s Career Development Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Three-dimensional information provided by TanDEM-X interferometric phase and airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) were used to detect differences in vegetation heterogeneity through a disturbance gradient in Indonesia. The range of vegetation types developed as a consequence of fires during the 1997\u20131998 El Ni\u00f1o. Two-point statistic (wavelet variance and co-variance) was used to assess the dominant spatial frequencies associated with either topographic features or canopy structure. DEMs wavelet spectra were found to be sensitive to canopy structure at short scales (up to 8 m) but increasingly influenced by topographic structures at longer scales. Analysis also indicates that, at short scale, canopy texture is driven by the distribution of heights. Thematic class separation using the Jeffries\u2013Matusita distance (JM) was greater when using the full wavelet signature (LiDAR: 1.29 \u2264 JM \u2264 1.39; TanDEM-X: 1.18 \u2264 JM \u2264 1.39) compared to using each decomposition scale individually (LiDAR: 0.1 \u2264 JM \u2264 1.26; TanDEM-X: 0.1 \u2264 JM \u2264 1.1). In some cases, separability with TanDEM-X was similar to the higher resolution LiDAR. The study highlights the potential of 3D information from TanDEM-X and LiDAR DEMs to explore vegetation disturbance history when analyzed using two-point statistics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]],"date-time":"2016-08-05T10:10:24Z","timestamp":1470391824000},"page":"641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Wavelet Based Analysis of TanDEM-X and LiDAR DEMs across a Tropical Vegetation Heterogeneity Gradient Driven by Fire Disturbance in Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"De Grandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5690-4055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Mitchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Hoekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12600","article-title":"Perturbations in the carbon budget of the tropics","volume":"20","author":"Grace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201609","article-title":"A large and persistent carbon sink in the world\u2019s forests","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12168","article-title":"Markedly divergent estimates of Amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites","volume":"23","author":"Mitchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"ITTO Guidelines for the Restoration, Management and Rehabilitation of Degraded and Secondary Tropical Forests. Available online: http:\/\/www.itto.int\/direct\/topics\/topics_pdf_download\/topics_id=1540000&no=1&disp=inline."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217962","article-title":"Baseline map of carbon emissions from deforestation in tropical regions","volume":"336","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"397","article-title":"Composition and structure of a lowland dipterocarp forest at Wanariset, East Kalimantan","volume":"44","author":"Kartawinata","year":"1981","journal-title":"Malays. For."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-02670-130251","article-title":"Mapping the world\u2019s intact forest landscapes by remote sensing","volume":"13","author":"Potapov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gecco.2014.07.007","article-title":"Remote sensing of forest degradation in Southeast Asia\u2014Aiming for a regional view through 5\u201330 m satellite data","volume":"2","author":"Mietten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2011.10.001","article-title":"Rethinking the \u2018back to wilderness\u2019 concept for Sundaland\u2019s forests","volume":"144","author":"Giam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa9932","article-title":"Increasing human dominance of tropical forests","volume":"349","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12627","article-title":"A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests","volume":"20","author":"Berenguer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"MacKinnon, K., Hatta, G., Halim, H., and Mangalik, A. (1997). The Ecology of Kalimantan, Oxford University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pancel, L., and K\u00f6hl, M. (2015). Tropical Forestry Handbook, Springer-Verlag. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-41554-8"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12662","article-title":"The need for long-term remedies for Indonesia\u2019s forest fires","volume":"30","author":"Chisholm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01437","article-title":"Fire science for rainforests","volume":"421","author":"Cochrane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/35106547","article-title":"Increased damage from fires in logged forests during droughts caused by El Nino","volume":"414","author":"Siegert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natl. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00644-7","article-title":"Degradation of forests through logging and fire in the eastern Brazilian Amazon","volume":"157","author":"Gerwin","year":"2002","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2100","article-title":"Increasing frequency of extreme El Ni\u00f1o events due to greenhouse warming","volume":"4","author":"Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01131","article-title":"The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997","volume":"420","author":"Page","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01868377","article-title":"Natural vs. plantation forests: A case study of land reclamation strategies for the humid tropics","volume":"6","author":"Jordan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5421.1782a","article-title":"Forests on fire","volume":"284","author":"Goldammer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-004-0381-1","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of post-fire aboveground biomass recovery in a lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"71","author":"Toma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8917","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.858846","article-title":"Canopy height model characteristics derived from airborne laser scanning and its effectiveness in discriminating various tropical moist forest types","volume":"34","author":"Kennel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.01.009","article-title":"Analysis of lacunarity and scales of spatial homogeneity in IKONOS images of Amazonian tropical forest canopies","volume":"112","author":"Mahli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.12.016","article-title":"Forest canopy recovery from the 1938 hurricane and subsequent salvage damage measured with airborne LiDAR","volume":"109","author":"Weishampel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.03.056","article-title":"Simulation and quantification of the fine-scale spatial pattern and heterogeneity of forest canopy structure: A lacunarity-based method designed for analysis of continuous canopy heights","volume":"214","author":"Frazer","year":"2005","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2307\/2261007","article-title":"Characterizing canopy gap structure in forests using wavelet analysis","volume":"80","author":"Bradshaw","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Mallat, S. (2008). A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-052087-2.50016-5","article-title":"Wavelet-based multifractal analysis of non-stationary and\/or intermittent geophysical signals","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Kumar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Wavelets in Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017555605618","article-title":"Methods to assess tropical rain forest canopy structure: An overview","volume":"153","author":"Bongers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Peterson, D.L., and Parker, V.T. (1998). Ecological Scale: Theory and Applications, Columbia University Press. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2009.00493.x","article-title":"The variation of apparent crown size and canopy heterogeneity across lowland Amazonian forests","volume":"19","author":"Barbier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2007.00353.x","article-title":"Amazon forest structure from IKONOS satellite data and the automated characterization of forest canopy properties","volume":"40","author":"Palace","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00568.x","article-title":"Estimating canopy structure in an Amazon forest from laser range finder and IKONOS satellite observations","volume":"34","author":"Asner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wulder, M., and Franklin, S.E. (2003). Remote Sensing of Forest Environments: Concepts and Case Studies, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0306-4"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2004.02.048","article-title":"Structure and floristics of an old secondary rain forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, and a comparison with adjacent primary forest","volume":"195","author":"Brearley","year":"2004","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delang, C.O., and Li, W.M. (2013). Ecological Succession on Fallowed Shifting Cultivation Fields: A Review of the Literature, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5821-6"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Eichhorn, K.A.O. (2006). Plant Diversity after Rain-Forest Fires in Borneo. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leiden]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014036129075","article-title":"Effects of fire and selective logging on the tree species composition of lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"11","author":"Slik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-1163-2","article-title":"Tree diversity, composition, forest structure and aboveground biomass dynamics after single and repeated fire in a Bornean rain forest","volume":"158","author":"Slik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Van Nieuwstadt, M.G. (2002). Trail by Fire. Postfire Development of a Tropical Dipterocarp Forest. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Utrecht]."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effects of fires on Peat Swamp and Lowland Dipterocarp Forests in Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"8","author":"Yeager","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Biodiver."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.2307\/1941546","article-title":"What Does Remote Sensing Do For Ecology?","volume":"72","author":"Roughgarden","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00099-6","article-title":"Potential of airborne radar to support the assessment of landcover in a tropical rainforest","volume":"68","author":"Hoekman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2012.09.013","article-title":"Synergies of multiple remote sensing data sources for REDD + monitoring","volume":"4","author":"Herold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Predicting tropical dry forest successional attributes from space: Is the key hidden in image texture?","volume":"7","author":"Meave","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.01.009","article-title":"Predicting and mapping mangrove biomass from canopy rain analysis using Fourier-based textural ordination of IKONOS images","volume":"109","author":"Proisy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/f6010252","article-title":"Combining LiDAR and synthetic aperture radar data to estimate forest biomass: Status and prospects","volume":"6","author":"Kaasalainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2005.01097.x","article-title":"Predicting tropical forest stand structure parameters from Fourier transform of very high-resolution remotely sensed canopy images","volume":"42","author":"Couteron","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1191\/0309133303pp360ra","article-title":"LiDAR remote sensing of forest structure","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/030913330102500201","article-title":"Forest mapping and monitoring with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR)","volume":"25","author":"Balzter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8448","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70708348","article-title":"Airborne LiDAR detects selectively logged tropical forest even in an advanced stage of recovery","volume":"7","author":"Kent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6707","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-6707-2015","article-title":"Landscape-scale changes in forest canopy structure across a partially logged tropical peat swamp","volume":"12","author":"Wedeux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10607","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70810607","article-title":"Aboveground-biomass estimation of a complex tropical forest in Indian using LiDAR","volume":"7","author":"Vepakomma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2011.618814","article-title":"Estimating plot-level tree structure in a deciduous forest by combining allometric equations, spatial wavelet analysis and airborne LiDAR","volume":"3","author":"Garrity","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.900693","article-title":"TanDEM-X: A satellite formation for high-resolution SAR interferometry","volume":"45","author":"Krieger","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Tran. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Br\u00e4utigam, B., Martone, M., Rizzoli, P., Gonzalez, C., Weclich, C., Borla Tridon, D., Bachmann, M., Schulze, D., and Zink, M. (2015, January 11\u201315). Quality assessment for the first part of the TanDEM-X Global Digital Elevation Model. Proceedings of the 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2015.1026953","article-title":"Temporal stability of InSAR height in a tropical rainforest","volume":"6","author":"Solberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kugler, F., and Hajnsek, I. (2011, January 24\u201329). Forest characterisation by means of TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X (polarimetric and) interferometric data. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049768"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2185803","article-title":"LiDAR-aided SAR interferometry studies in boreal forest: Scattering phase center and extinction coefficient at X- and L-Band","volume":"50","author":"Praks","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Tran. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2014.2334140","article-title":"Tropical-forest biomass estimation at X-Band from","volume":"12","author":"Treuhaft","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2009437","article-title":"Tropical-forest-parameter estimation by means of Pol-InSAR: The INDREX-II campaign","volume":"42","author":"Hajnsek","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Tran. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2420996","article-title":"Forest height estimation by means of Pol-InSAR data inversion: The role of the vertical wavenumber","volume":"53","author":"Kugler","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467400009585","article-title":"Drought frequency changes in Sabah and adjacent parts of northern Borneo since the late nineteenth century and possible implications for tropical rain forest dynamics","volume":"12","author":"Walsh","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Trop. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2010.02.001","article-title":"Secondary succession after fire in Imperata grasslands of East Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"137","author":"Yassir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Indonesian Ministry of Forestry. Available online: http:\/\/webgis.dephut.go.id\/ditplanjs\/."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Sarmap. Available online: http:\/\/www.sarmap.ch\/pdf\/SARscapeTechnical.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1029\/1998GL900033","article-title":"Radar interferogram filtering for geophysical applications","volume":"25","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.014","article-title":"Forest canopy and carbon estimation at Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, UK, using dual-wavelength SAR interferometry","volume":"108","author":"Balzter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2420596","article-title":"Spatial wavelet statistics of SAR backscatter for characterizing degraded forest: A case study from Cameroon","volume":"8","author":"Mitchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Alexander, L.A., and Inggs, M.R. (July, January 28). The investigation into the effects of speckle filters on classification. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium, Hamburg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Kugler, F., Sauer, S., Lee, S.-K., Papathanassiou, K., and Hajnsek, I. (2010, January 7\u201310). Potential of TanDEM-X for forest parameter estimation. Proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR), Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatoyinbo, L. (2012). Remote Sensing of Biomass: Principles and Applications, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/696"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percival, D.B., and Walden, A.T. (2000). Wavelet Methods for Time Series Analysis, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511841040"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1109\/36.911116","article-title":"Observation of tropical rain forest trees by airborne high-resolution interferometric radar","volume":"39","author":"Hoekman","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Tran. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701601782","article-title":"Analysis of co-occurrence and discrete wavelet transform texture for differentiation in very high resolution optical-sensor imagery","volume":"29","author":"Ouma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1998.00002.x","article-title":"Forest fires in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"12","author":"Cochrane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"2","article-title":"Fires as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the Eastern Amazon","volume":"31","author":"Cochrane","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krieger, G., Hajnsek, I., Papathanassiou, K., Eineder, M., Younis, M., De Zan, F., Prats, P., Huber, S., Werner, M., and Fiedler, H. (2009, January 4\u20138). The Tandem-L mission proposal: Monitoring earth\u2019s dynamics with high resolution SAR interferometry. Proceeding of the IEEE Radar Conference, Pasadena, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2009.4977077"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Eineder, M., Hajnsek, I., Krieger, G., Moreira, A., and Papathanassiou, K. (2014). Satellite Mission Proposal for Monitoring Dynamic Processes on the Earth\u2019s Surface, German Aerospace Center."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215243","article-title":"Radar modelling of forest spatial patterns","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467400003989","article-title":"Tropical secondary forests","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Trop. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"WorldDEMTM Technical Product Specification. Available online: http:\/\/www.engesat.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/455\u2013201404_worlddem_technicalspecs_i1.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/8\/641\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:27:50Z","timestamp":1760210870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/8\/641"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8080641"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8080641","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]]}}}