{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T08:22:15Z","timestamp":1774340535322,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]],"date-time":"2016-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface urban heat island (SUHI) is defined as the elevated land surface temperature (LST) in urban area in comparison with non-urban areas, and it can influence the energy consumption, comfort and health of urban residents. In this study, the existence of daytime SUHI, in Cairo and its new towns during the summer, is investigated using three different approaches; (1) utilization of pre-urbanization observations as LST references; (2) utilization of rural observations as LST references (urban\u2013rural difference); and (3) utilization of the SIUHI (Surface Intra Urban Heat Island) approach. A time series of Landsat TM &amp; ETM+ data (46 images) from 1984 to 2015 was employed in this study for daytime LST calculation during summer. Different statistical hypothesis tests were utilized for the evaluation of LST and SUHI in the case studies. The results demonstrated that there is no significant LST difference between the urban areas studied, and their corresponding built-up areas. In addition, daytime LST in new towns during the summer is 2 K warmer than in Cairo. Utilization of a pre-urbanization observations approach, alongside an evaluation of the long-term trend, demonstrated that there is no daytime SUHI during the summer in the study areas, and construction activities in the study areas do not result in cooling or warming effects. Utilization of the rural observations approach showed that LST is lower in Cairo than its surrounding areas. This demonstrates why the selection of suitable rural references in SUHI studies is an important and complicated task, and how this approach may lead to misinterpretation in desert city areas with significant landscape and surface difference with their most surrounding areas (e.g., Cairo). Results showed that, although SIUHI technique can be representative for the changes of variance of LST in urban areas, it is not able to identify the changes of mean LST in urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]],"date-time":"2016-08-05T10:10:24Z","timestamp":1470391824000},"page":"643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A Comprehensive Statistical Study on Daytime Surface Urban Heat Island during Summer in Urban Areas, Case Study: Cairo and Its New Towns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hamid","family":"Taheri Shahraiyni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Meteorologie, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, Berlin 12165, Germany"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 1458889694, Iran"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Sodoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Meteorologie, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, Berlin 12165, Germany"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"El-Zafarany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Design Department, Faculty of Urban and Regional Planning, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Tarek","family":"Abou El Seoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Infrastructure Planning, Faculty of Urban and Regional Planning, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Hesham","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Infrastructure Planning, Faculty of Urban and Regional Planning, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Krone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Meteorologie, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, Berlin 12165, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168908904002","article-title":"Satellite-derived urban heat islands from three coastal cities and the utilization of such data in urban climatology","volume":"10","author":"Roth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. 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