{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T02:08:58Z","timestamp":1768529338567,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]],"date-time":"2016-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite remote sensing provides a rapid and broad-scale means for monitoring vegetation phenology and its relationship with fluctuations in air temperature. Investigating the response of plant communities to climate change is needed to gain insight into the potentially detrimental effects on ecosystem processes. While many studies have used satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) as a proxy for air temperature, few studies have attempted to create and validate models of forest understory temperature (Tust), as it is obscured from these space-borne observations. This study worked to predict instantaneous values of Tust using daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST data over a 99,000 km2 study area located in the Rocky Mountains of western Alberta, Canada. Specifically, we aimed to identify the forest characteristics that improve estimates of Tust over using LST alone. Our top model predicted Tust to within a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.4 \u00b0C with an overall model fit of R2 = 0.89 over two growing seasons. Canopy closure and the LiDAR-derived standard deviation of canopy height metric were found to significantly improve estimations of Tust over MODIS LST alone. These findings demonstrate that canopy structure and forest stand-type function to differentiate understory air temperatures from ambient canopy temperature as seen by the sensor overhead.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]],"date-time":"2016-08-15T09:47:20Z","timestamp":1471254440000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Estimating Understory Temperatures Using MODIS LST in Mixed Cordilleran Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2174-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Laskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Montaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9754-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8079-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory","family":"McDermid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-010-0374-8","article-title":"Modeling land surface phenology in a mixed temperate forest using MODIS measurements of leaf area index and land surface temperature","volume":"105","author":"Hanes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840050097","article-title":"The impact of growing-season length variability on carbon assimilation and evapotranspiration over 88 years in the eastern US deciduous forest","volume":"42","author":"White","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.11.004","article-title":"Spatio-temporal reconstruction of missing forest microclimate measurements","volume":"218\u2013219","author":"Tonini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2293540","article-title":"Land surface air temperature retrieval from EOS-MODIS images","volume":"11","author":"Niclos","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.04.003","article-title":"The influence of topography on the forest surface temperature retrieved from Landsat TM, ETM Plus and ASTER thermal channels","volume":"64","author":"Hais","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1020333","article-title":"Estimating daily land surface temperatures in mountainous environments by reconstructed MODIS LST data","volume":"2","author":"Neteler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"128","article-title":"Evaluation of estimating daily maximum and minimum air temperature with MODIS data in East Africa","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.12.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the onset of green-up in temperate deciduous broadleaf forests derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) data","volume":"112","author":"Soudani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.026","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the MODIS land-surface temperature\/emissivity products","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"38","article-title":"Estimation of daily mean air temperature from MODIS LST in alpine areas","volume":"6","author":"Colombi","year":"2007","journal-title":"EARSeL eProc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-013-1033-7","article-title":"Estimating mean air temperature using MODIS day and night land surface temperatures","volume":"118","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.004","article-title":"A new model of gross primary productivity for North American ecosystems based solely on the enhanced vegetation index and land surface temperature from MODIS","volume":"112","author":"Sims","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8387","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098387","article-title":"Retrievals of all-weather daily air temperature using MODIS and AMSR-E data","volume":"6","author":"Jang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1109\/36.508406","article-title":"A generalized split-window algorithm for retrieving land-surface temperature from space","volume":"34","author":"Wan","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-004-0079-y","article-title":"Air temperature retrieval from remote sensing data based on thermodynamics","volume":"80","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mildrexler, D.J., Zhao, M., and Running, S.W. (2011). A global comparison between station air temperatures and MODIS land surface temperatures reveals the cooling role of forests. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci.","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JG001486"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.10.002","article-title":"Evaluation of MODIS land surface temperature data to estimate air temperature in different ecosystems over Africa","volume":"114","author":"Vancutsem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00216-7","article-title":"Estimation of air temperature from remotely sensed surface observations","volume":"60","author":"Prihodko","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1029\/1998JD200005","article-title":"Interpolation of surface radiative temperature measured from polar orbiting satellites to a diurnal cycle\u20141. Without clouds","volume":"104","author":"Jin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8639","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6098639","article-title":"An assessment of methods and remote-sensing derived covariates for regional predictions of 1 km daily maximum air temperature","volume":"6","author":"Parmentier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.02.006","article-title":"Parameterization of air temperature in high temporal and spatial resolution from a combination of the SEVIRI and MODIS instruments","volume":"64","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2747\/1548-1603.43.1.78","article-title":"Statistical estimation of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures from MODIS LST data over the State of Mississippi","volume":"43","author":"Mostovoy","year":"2006","journal-title":"GISci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.025","article-title":"Estimation of diurnal air temperature using MSG-SEVIRI data in West Africa","volume":"110","author":"Stisen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.08.010","article-title":"Air temperature estimation with MSG-SEVIRI data: Calibration and validation of the TVX algorithm for the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"115","author":"Nieto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.10.034","article-title":"Estimation of daily maximum and minimum air temperature using MODIS land surface temperature products","volume":"130","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1989)028<0276:EORSRT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Estimation of regional surface resistance to evapotranspiration from NDVI and thermal-IR AVHRR data","volume":"28","author":"Nemani","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Husch, B., Beers, T.W., and Kershaw, J.A. (2003). Forest Mensuration, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.12.016","article-title":"A habitat-based framework for grizzly bear conservation in Alberta","volume":"130","author":"Nielsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"465","article-title":"LiDAR as a rapid tool to predict forest habitat types in Natura 2000 networks","volume":"20","author":"Stadler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"242","article-title":"Integrating optical satellite data and airborne laser scanning in habitat classification for wildlife management","volume":"38","author":"Nijland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.02.008","article-title":"Bryophyte cover estimation in a boreal black spruce forest using airborne LiDAR and multispectral sensors","volume":"113","author":"Peckham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3390\/f5061374","article-title":"LiDAR remote sensing of forest structure and GPS telemetry data provide insights on winter habitat selection of European roe deer","volume":"5","author":"Ewald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12405","article-title":"Moose (Alces alces) reacts to high summer temperatures by utilizing thermal shelters in boreal forests\u2014An analysis based on airborne laser scanning of the canopy structure at moose locations","volume":"20","author":"Melin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nijland, W., Nielsen, S.E., Coops, N.C., Wulder, M.A., and Stenhouse, G.B. (2014). Fine-spatial scale predictions of understory species using climate- and LiDAR-derived terrain and canopy metrics. J. Appl. Remote Sens.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.8.083572"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1870.1","article-title":"Animal habitat quality and ecosystem functioning: Exploring seasonal patterns using NDVI","volume":"78","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01059.x","article-title":"Responses of spring phenology to climate change","volume":"162","author":"Badeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01269.x","article-title":"How does climate warming affect plant-pollinator interactions?","volume":"12","author":"Hegland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(03)00071-5","article-title":"From space to species: Ecological applications for remote sensing","volume":"18","author":"Kerr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01286","article-title":"A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems","volume":"421","author":"Parmesan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1890\/06-1708.1","article-title":"A multi-scale test of the forage maturation hypothesis in a partially migratory ungulate population","volume":"78","author":"Hebblewhite","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2010.550330","article-title":"Linking ground-based to satellite-derived phenological metrics in support of habitat assessment","volume":"3","author":"Coops","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Foothills Research Institute Grizzly Bear Program. Available online: https:\/\/friresearch.ca\/program\/grizzly-bear-program."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/11956860.2003.11682743","article-title":"Development and testing of phenologically driven grizzly bear habitat models","volume":"10","author":"Nielsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecoscience"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0463","article-title":"Warming, plant phenology and the spatial dimension of trophic mismatch for large herbivores","volume":"275","author":"Post","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neteler, M., Roiz, D., Rocchini, D., Castellani, C., and Rizzoli, A. (2011). Terra and Aqua satellites track tiger mosquito invasion: Modelling the potential distribution of Aedes albopictus in north-eastern Italy. Int. J. Health Geogr.","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-10-49"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2226465","article-title":"Daily MODIS land surface temperature data for the analysis of the heat requirements of grapevine varieties","volume":"51","author":"Zorer","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.04.024","article-title":"Estimating air surface temperature in Portugal using MODIS LST data","volume":"124","author":"Benali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6020946","article-title":"Estimating temperature fields from MODIS land surface temperature and air temperature observations in a sub-arctic alpine environment","volume":"6","author":"Williamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8108","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.978957","article-title":"Estimating daily maximum air temperature from MODIS in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"144","article-title":"Spatio-temporal effects of forest canopy on understory microclimate in a long-term experiment in Switzerland","volume":"166","author":"Dobbertin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00250.1","article-title":"Evaluating cloud contamination in clear-sky MODIS Terra daytime land surface temperatures using ground-based meteorology station observations","volume":"26","author":"Williamson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000116417","article-title":"Quality assessment and validation of the MODIS global land surface temperature","volume":"25","author":"Wan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2012). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, J.J., Gao, W., Kafatos, M., Murphy, R.E., and Salomonson, V.V. (2006). Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing: Vol. 2: Data, Computational Processing, and Tools, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-37294-3"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, W., Ma, M., Wang, X., Song, Y., and Tan, J. (2011). Validation of MODIS land surface temperature products using ground measurements in the Heihe River Basin, China. Remote Sens. Agric. Ecosyst. Hydrol.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.897571"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2007.265","article-title":"Early detection of tick-borne encephalitis virus spatial distribution and activity in the Province of Trento, northern Italy","volume":"1","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geosp. Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/238.4.1529","article-title":"The equation of time","volume":"238","author":"Hughes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"McGaughey, R.J. (2012). FUSION\/LDV: Software for LiDAR Data Analysis and Visualization."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2099232","article-title":"Stability of sample-based scanning\u2014LiDAR-derived vegetation metrics for forest monitoring","volume":"49","author":"Bater","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00224-3","article-title":"Estimation of tree heights and stand volume using an airborne LiDAR system","volume":"56","author":"Nilsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.02.011","article-title":"LiDAR measurement of sagebrush steppe vegetation heights","volume":"102","author":"Streutker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3390\/rs1040934","article-title":"LiDAR utility for natural resource managers","volume":"1","author":"Hudak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701294653","article-title":"Estimating afternoon MODIS land surface temperatures (LST) based on morning MODIS overpass, location and elevation information","volume":"28","author":"Coops","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2006). Winscanopy Canopy Structure and Solar Radiation, Regent Instruments Inc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1139\/x93-299","article-title":"Estimating forest canopy effects on summer thermal cover for cervidae (deer family)","volume":"23","author":"Demarchi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"ESRI (Arcgis Desktop: Release 10.3, 2015). Arcgis Desktop: Release 10.3."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6053822","article-title":"Surface temperatures at the continental scale: Tracking changes with remote sensing at unprecedented detail","volume":"6","author":"Metz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"StataCorp (Stata Statistical Software: Release 13, 2013). Stata Statistical Software: Release 13."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206482","article-title":"AIC model selection using Akaike weights","volume":"11","author":"Wagenmakers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.1981.10642213","article-title":"On the validation of models","volume":"2","author":"Willmott","year":"1981","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-002-0952-2","article-title":"How much variance can be explained by ecologists and evolutionary biologists?","volume":"132","author":"Jennions","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Burnham, K.P., and Anderson, D.R. (2007). Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information\u2014Theoretic Approach, Springer New York."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, D.R. (2007). Model Based Inference in the Life Sciences: A Primer on Evidence, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74075-1"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2015.07.007","article-title":"Modeling temperature and humidity profiles within forest canopies","volume":"213","author":"Flerchinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.05.002","article-title":"A comparison of four relative radiometric normalization (RRN) techniques for mosaicing H-res multi-temporal thermal infrared (TIR) flight-lines of a complex urban scene","volume":"106","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, F., Schaaf, C.B., Strahler, A.H., Roesch, A., Lucht, W., and Dickinson, R. (2005). MODIS bidirectional reflectance distribution function and albedo climate modeling grid products and the variability of albedo for major global vegetation types. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005190"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214497","article-title":"Classification-based emissivity for land surface temperature measurement from space","volume":"19","author":"Snyder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212885","article-title":"Estimating surface air temperatures, from Meteosat land surface temperatures, using an empirical solar zenith angle model","volume":"20","author":"Cresswell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3494","article-title":"Observed air\/soil temperature trends in open land and understory of a subtropical mountain forest, SW China","volume":"33","author":"You","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6015","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR015587","article-title":"Spatial characterization of roughness elements in high-gradient channels of the Fraser experimental forest, Colorado, USA","volume":"50","author":"Yochum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"288","article-title":"Airborne laser scanning of forest resources: An overview of research in Italy as a commentary case study","volume":"23","author":"Montaghi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3390\/f4040922","article-title":"A photogrammetric workflow for the creation of a forest canopy height model from small unmanned aerial system imagery","volume":"4","author":"Lisein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3390\/f5061481","article-title":"Small drones for community-based forest monitoring: An assessment of their feasibility and potential in tropical areas","volume":"5","author":"McCall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.3390\/f6082608","article-title":"Enriching ALS-derived area-based estimates of volume through tree-level downscaling","volume":"6","author":"Tompalski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.10.003","article-title":"Budburst model performance: The effect of the spatial resolution of temperature data sets","volume":"200","author":"Olsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-12-00044.1","article-title":"An effective, economic, aspirated radiation shield for air temperature observations and its spatial gradients","volume":"30","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.04.024","article-title":"Predicting spatiotemporal mean air temperature using MODIS satellite surface temperature measurements across the northeastern USA","volume":"150","author":"Kloog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.04.007","article-title":"Dynamic wildlife habitat models: Seasonal foods and mortality risk predict occupancy-abundance and habitat selection in grizzly bears","volume":"143","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01479.x","article-title":"Can mechanism inform species\u2019 distribution models?","volume":"13","author":"Buckley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2057","article-title":"Extinction risks from climate change","volume":"348","author":"Lambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/8\/658\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:26Z","timestamp":1760210906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/8\/658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8080658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8080658","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,15]]}}}