{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:11:44Z","timestamp":1782969104588,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,20]],"date-time":"2016-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["41171317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41171317"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["61132008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61132008"]}]},{"name":"Major Research Plan of National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)","award":["61490693"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61490693"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic target recognition (ATR) in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images plays an important role in both national defense and civil applications. Although many methods have been proposed, SAR ATR is still very challenging due to the complex application environment. Feature extraction and classification are key points in SAR ATR. In this paper, we first design a novel feature, which is a histogram of oriented gradients (HOG)-like feature for SAR ATR (called SAR-HOG). Then, we propose a supervised discriminative dictionary learning (SDDL) method to learn a discriminative dictionary for SAR ATR and propose a strategy to simplify the optimization problem. Finally, we propose a SAR ATR classifier based on SDDL and sparse representation (called SDDLSR), in which both the reconstruction error and the classification error are considered. Extensive experiments are performed on the MSTAR database under standard operating conditions and extended operating conditions. The experimental results show that SAR-HOG can reliably capture the structures of targets in SAR images, and SDDL can further capture subtle differences among the different classes. By virtue of the SAR-HOG feature and SDDLSR, the proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on MSTAR database. Especially for the extended operating conditions (EOC) scenario \u201cTraining     17 \u2218    \u2014Testing     45 \u2218    \u201d, the proposed method improves remarkably with respect to the previous works.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]],"date-time":"2016-08-22T10:40:33Z","timestamp":1471862433000},"page":"683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["SAR Target Recognition via Supervised Discriminative Dictionary Learning and Sparse Representation of the SAR-HOG Feature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Shengli","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Luoyang Electronic Equipment Test Center, Luoyang 471000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1109\/7.937475","article-title":"Support vector machine for SAR automatic target recognition","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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