{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:53:05Z","timestamp":1778910785005,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]],"date-time":"2016-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports","award":["COST LD 15158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COST LD 15158"]}]},{"name":"The Czech Academy of Sciences","award":["RVO 67985939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RVO 67985939"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tree mortality caused by bark beetle infestation has significant effects on the ecology and value of both natural and commercial forests. Therefore, prediction of bark beetle infestations is critical in forest management. Existing predictive models, however, rarely consider the influence of long-term stressors on forest susceptibility to bark beetle infestation. In this study we introduce pre-disturbance spectral trajectories from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery as an indicator of long-term stress into models of bark beetle infestation together with commonly used environmental predictors. Observations for this study come from forests in the central part of the \u0160umava Mountains, in the border region between the Czech Republic and Germany, Central Europe. The areas of bark beetle-infested forest were delineated from aerial photographs taken in 1991 and in every year from 1994 to 2000. The environmental predictors represent forest stand attributes (e.g., tree density and distance to the infested forest from previous year) and common abiotic factors, such as topography, climate, geology, and soil. Pre-disturbance spectral trajectories were defined by the linear regression slope of Tasseled Cap components (Wetness, Brightness and Greenness) calculated from a time series of 16 Landsat TM images across years from 1984 until one year before the bark beetle infestation. Using logistic regression and multimodel inference, we calculated predictive models separately for each single year from 1994 to 2000 to account for a possible shift in importance of individual predictors during disturbance. Inclusion of two pre-disturbance spectral trajectories (Wetness slope and Brightness slope) significantly improved predictive ability of bark beetle infestation models. Wetness slope had the greatest predictive power, even relative to environmental predictors, and was relatively stable in its power over the years. Brightness slope improved the model only in the middle of the disturbance period (1996). Importantly, these pre-disturbance predictors were not correlated with other predictors, and therefore bring additional explanatory power to the model. Generally, the predictive power of most fitted model decreases as time progresses and models describing the initial phase of bark beetle outbreaks appear more reliable for conducting near-future predictions. The pre-disturbance spectral trajectories are valuable not only for assessing the risk of bark beetle infestation, but also for detection of long-term gradual changes even in non-forest ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]],"date-time":"2016-08-22T10:40:33Z","timestamp":1471862433000},"page":"687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Landsat Imagery Spectral Trajectories\u2014Important Variables for Spatially Predicting the Risks of Bark Beetle Disturbance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Hais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31, \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice 37005, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3007-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Pr\u016fhonice 25243, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kam\u00fdck\u00e1 129, Praha 6\u2014Suchdol 16521, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lud\u011bk","family":"Berec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31, \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice 37005, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4839-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Br\u016fna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Pr\u016fhonice 25243, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Ben\u00e1tsk\u00e1 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 114 Wilkinson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Braaten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zden\u011bk","family":"Bro\u017e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31, \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice 37005, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frelich, L.E. 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