{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T01:49:40Z","timestamp":1776131380652,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]],"date-time":"2016-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with exploitation of the wave radar system for sea surface current estimation in a coastal zone. In particular, we present the results of the processing of the radar data collected by an X-band marine radar installed in Capo Granitola site, which is located in the south-west part of Sicily, on 15 May 2015. The effectiveness of the data processing is analyzed by comparing the wave radar estimated sea surface current with that provided by the Lagrangian drifters along its movement trajectory. During the measurement campaign, three drifter releases are carried out and for each one the comparison is provided in terms of the mean error and standard deviation. In addition, we report the characteristic sea state parameters, in terms of peak wavelength (\u03bbp), peak direction propagation (\u03b8p), peak period (Tp) and significant wave height (Hs) of the dominant waves estimated by the wave radar system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]],"date-time":"2016-08-24T09:59:47Z","timestamp":1472032787000},"page":"695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Comparison between Drifter and X-Band Wave Radar for Sea Surface Current Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5672-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ludeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2674-3091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmelo","family":"Nasello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, AeroSpace, Materials Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0990-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Raffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council (CNR-IAMC), 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6627-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ciraolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, AeroSpace, Materials Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0377-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Soldovieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Serafino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council (CNR-IBMET), I-50145 Firenze, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2013.03","article-title":"Mediterranean surface currents measured with drifters: From basin to sub inertial scales","volume":"26","author":"Poulain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pazan, S.E. (1996, January 3\u201326). Intercomparison of drogued and undrogued drift buoys. Proceedings of the MTS\/IEEE Oceans\u201996 Conference, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA341783"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2819","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1995)025<2819:WDMITN>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Wind-Driven motions in the northeast pacific as measured by lagrangian drifters","volume":"25","author":"Paduan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffa, A., and Kirwan, J.A.D. (2007). Lagrangian Analysis and Prediction of Coastal and Ocean Dynamics, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511535901"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4741","DOI":"10.1029\/JC090iC03p04741","article-title":"Drifter observation of coastal currents during CODE: The method and descriptive view","volume":"90","author":"Davis","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2008.12.008","article-title":"Drifter observations of the Gulf of Maine Coastal Current","volume":"29","author":"Manning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-20-1095-2013","article-title":"Large eddy simulation model for wind-driven sea circulation in coastal areas","volume":"20","author":"Petronio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nonlinear Process. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasello, C., and Armenio, V. (2016). A new small drifter for shallow water basins: Application to the study of surface currents in the Muggia Bay (Italy). J. Sens.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6589636"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1029\/JC090iC01p01049","article-title":"A three-dimensional analysis of marine radar images for the determination of ocean wave directionality and surface currents","volume":"90","author":"Young","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.1006346","article-title":"Ocean current estimated from X-band radar sea surface images","volume":"40","author":"Gangeskar","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1109\/36.911108","article-title":"The near-surface current velocity determined from image sequences of the sea surface","volume":"39","author":"Senet","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.916474","article-title":"Determination of bathymetric and current maps by the method DiSC based on the analysis of nautical X-band radar image sequences of the sea surface (November 2007)","volume":"46","author":"Senet","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7753","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70607753","article-title":"An algorithm for surface current retrieval from X-band marine radar images","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2009.2031878","article-title":"A novel strategy for the surface current determination from marine X-band radar data","volume":"7","author":"Serafino","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2012.2208179","article-title":"Surface current measurement under low sea state using dual polarized X-band nautical radar","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2182031","article-title":"REMOCEAN: A flexible X-band radar system for sea-state monitoring and surface current estimation","volume":"9","author":"Serafino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16299","DOI":"10.1029\/JC095iC09p16299","article-title":"Evidence of Bragg scattering in microwave Doppler spectra of sea return","volume":"95","author":"Plant","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1029\/94JC02741","article-title":"X-Band microwave Backscattering from ocean waves","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lewis, B.W. (1990). Surface Waves and Fluxes, Kluwer Academic."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/s150101691","article-title":"An X-band radar system for bathymetry and wave field analysis in a Harbour area","volume":"15","author":"Ludeno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-014-0724-7","article-title":"High-resolution X-band radar measurements of currents, bathymetry and sea state in highly inhomogeneous coastal areas","volume":"64","author":"Hessner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2321048","article-title":"Remocean system for the detection of the reflected waves from the costa concordia ship wreck","volume":"7","author":"Ludeno","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2013.2254107","article-title":"A novel approach based on marine radar data analysis for high resolution bathymetry map generation","volume":"11","author":"Ludeno","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2004)021<1291:IOMRIF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Inversion of marine radar images for surface wave analysis","volume":"21","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/9\/695\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:29:06Z","timestamp":1760210946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/9\/695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8090695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8090695","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,24]]}}}