{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:31:09Z","timestamp":1772253069006,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan, R.O.C.","award":["NSC 101-2119-M-002 -023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSC 101-2119-M-002 -023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Supervised land-use\/land-cover (LULC) classifications are typically conducted using class assignment rules derived from a set of multiclass training samples. Consequently, classification accuracy varies with the training data set and is thus associated with uncertainty. In this study, we propose a bootstrap resampling and reclassification approach that can be applied for assessing not only the uncertainty in classification results of the bootstrap-training data sets, but also the classification uncertainty of individual pixels in the study area. Two measures of pixel-specific classification uncertainty, namely the maximum class probability and Shannon entropy, were derived from the class probability vector of individual pixels and used for the identification of unclassified pixels. Unclassified pixels that are identified using the traditional chi-square threshold technique represent outliers of individual LULC classes, but they are not necessarily associated with higher classification uncertainty. By contrast, unclassified pixels identified using the equal-likelihood technique are associated with higher classification uncertainty and they mostly occur on or near the borders of different land-cover.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T09:58:48Z","timestamp":1472205528000},"page":"705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Assessing Uncertainty in LULC Classification Accuracy by Using Bootstrap Resampling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lin-Hsuan","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Newegg, Inc., Taipei 10596, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Ke-Sheng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Master Program in Statistics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7231","DOI":"10.1029\/JD089iD05p07231","article-title":"Land surface temperature measurements from the split window channels of the NOAA 7 advanced very high-resolution radiometer","volume":"89","author":"Price","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. 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