{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T12:57:39Z","timestamp":1780923459306,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable and fine resolution estimates of surface net-radiation are required for estimating latent and sensible heat fluxes between the land surface and the atmosphere. However, currently, fine resolution estimates of net-radiation are not available and consequently it is challenging to develop multi-year estimates of evapotranspiration at scales that can capture land surface heterogeneity and are relevant for policy and decision-making. We developed and evaluated a global net-radiation product at 5 km and 8-day resolution by combining mutually consistent atmosphere and land data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board Terra. Comparison with net-radiation measurements from 154 globally distributed sites (414 site-years) from the FLUXNET and Surface Radiation budget network (SURFRAD) showed that the net-radiation product agreed well with measurements across seasons and climate types in the extratropics (Wilmott\u2019s index ranged from 0.74 for boreal to 0.63 for Mediterranean sites). Mean absolute deviation between the MODIS and measured net-radiation ranged from 38.0 \u00b1 1.8 W\u2219m\u22122 in boreal to 72.0 \u00b1 4.1 W\u2219m\u22122 in the tropical climates. The mean bias was small and constituted only 11%, 0.7%, 8.4%, 4.2%, 13.3%, and 5.4% of the mean absolute error in daytime net-radiation in boreal, Mediterranean, temperate-continental, temperate, semi-arid, and tropical climate, respectively. To assess the accuracy of the broader spatiotemporal patterns, we upscaled error-quantified MODIS net-radiation and compared it with the net-radiation estimates from the coarse spatial (1\u00b0 \u00d7 1\u00b0) but high temporal resolution gridded net-radiation product from the Clouds and Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES). Our estimates agreed closely with the net-radiation estimates from the CERES. Difference between the two was less than 10 W\u00b7m\u22122 in 94% of the total land area. MODIS net-radiation product will be a valuable resource for the science community studying turbulent fluxes and energy budget at the Earth\u2019s surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T10:10:16Z","timestamp":1473156616000},"page":"739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Global Surface Net-Radiation at 5 km from MODIS Terra"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Manish","family":"Verma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4734-9085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2735-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaniska","family":"Mallick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngryel","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, 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Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Gielen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Roupsard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR Eco & Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biog\u00e9ochimie des Sols & Agro\u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes), Montpellier 34000, France"},{"name":"CATIE (Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education), Turrialba 93-7170, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9184-0707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Toscano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET\u2014CNR), via G.Caproni 8, Firenze 50145, 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