{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:21:02Z","timestamp":1760242862584,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,17]],"date-time":"2016-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wave periods estimated from satellite altimetry data behave differently from those calculated from buoy data, especially in low-wind conditions. In this paper, the geometric mean wave period      T a      is calculated from buoy data, rather than the commonly used zero-crossing wave period      T z     . The geometric mean wave period uses the fourth moment of the wave frequency spectrum and is related to the mean-square slope of the sea surface measured using altimeters. The values of      T a      obtained from buoys and altimeters agree well (root mean square difference: 0.2 s) only when the contribution of high-frequency sea waves is estimated by a wavenumber spectral model to complement the buoy data, because a buoy cannot obtain data from waves having wavelengths that are shorter than the characteristic dimension of the buoy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T10:07:43Z","timestamp":1474279663000},"page":"764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of High-Frequency Sea Waves on Wave Period Retrieval from Radar Altimeter and Buoy Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9739-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xifeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan"},{"name":"School of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2980-155X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaoru","family":"Ichikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2005.857503","article-title":"Extraction of coastal ocean wave fields from SAR images","volume":"30","author":"Collard","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169108955200","article-title":"Wave studies with radar altimeter","volume":"12","author":"Challenor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gommenginger, C.P., Srokosz, M.A., Challenor, P.G., and Cotton, P.D. (2003). Measuring ocean wave period with satellite altimeters: A simple empirical model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL017743"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/01490410490902025","article-title":"Calibration\/validation of an altimeter wave period model and application to TOPEX\/Poseidon and Jason-1 altimeters","volume":"27","author":"Quilfen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Geod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caires, S., Sterl, A., and Gommenginger, C.P. (2005). Global ocean mean wave period data: Validation and description. J. Geophys. Res., 110.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002631"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackay, E.B.L., Retzler, C.H., Challenor, P.G., and Gommenginger, C.P. (2008). A parametric model for ocean wave period from Ku band altimeter data. J. Geophys. Res., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004438"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2015). OSTM\/Jason-2 Products Handbook, Le site du Centre national d'\u00e9tudes spatiales (CNES)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(1996). Nondirectional and Directional Wave Data Analysis Procedures, National Buoy Data Center (NDBC) Technical Document 96-01, Neptune Sciences Inc."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Carter, D.J.T. (1990). Development of Procedures for the Analysis of ERS-1 Radar Altimeter Wind and Wave Data, Using GEOSAT Data, Europe Space Agency. Study Rep. 8315\/89\/HE-I."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Tucker, M.J. (1992). Waves in Ocean Engineering: Measurement, Analysis, Interpretation, Ellis Horwood Ltd.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1974.1140736","article-title":"Wind dependence of quasi-specular microwave sea scatter","volume":"22","author":"Barrick","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.1977.1145319","article-title":"An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies","volume":"25","author":"Klein","year":"1977","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO2663.1","article-title":"Ocean wave slope observations using radar backscatter and laser altimeters","volume":"34","author":"Vendemark","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Phys Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Phillips, O.M. (1977). The Dynamics of the Upper Ocean, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holthuijsen, L.H. (2007). Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511618536"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.713144","article-title":"Dependence of mean square slope on wave state and its application in altimeter wind speed retrieval","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1090\/conm\/112\/1087109","article-title":"Orthogonal distance regression","volume":"112","author":"Boggs","year":"1990","journal-title":"Contemp. Math"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1071\/PH790469","article-title":"Effects of the wavenumber spectrum of a sea surface on Laser Beam Reflection","volume":"32","author":"Phillips","year":"1979","journal-title":"Aust. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112085002221","article-title":"Spectral and statistical properties of the equilibrium range in wind-generated gravity waves","volume":"156","author":"Phillips","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Fluid. Mech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2001)031<2753:AMOTWS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Airborne measurements of the wavenumber spectra of ocean surface waves. Part I: Spectral slope and dimensionless spectral coefficient","volume":"30","author":"Hwang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(2001)031<1346:DDAMSS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Directional distributions and mean square slopes in the equilibrium and saturation ranges of the wave spectrum","volume":"31","author":"Hwang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1988)005<0885:WSCALW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Wind-stress coefficients at light winds","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Clarizia, M.P. (2012). Investigating the Effect of Ocean Waves on GNSS-R Microwave Remote Sensing Measurement. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Southampton]."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/9\/764\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:31:07Z","timestamp":1760211067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/9\/764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8090764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8090764","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,17]]}}}