{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T23:51:13Z","timestamp":1774309873536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,17]],"date-time":"2016-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE 1106400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE 1106400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014596","name":"The Nature Conservancy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forests historically associated with frequent fire have changed dramatically due to fire suppression and past harvesting over the last century. The buildup of ladder fuels, which carry fire from the surface of the forest floor to tree crowns, is one of the critical changes, and it has contributed to uncharacteristically large and severe fires. The abundance of ladder fuels makes it difficult to return these forests to their natural fire regime or to meet management objectives. Despite the importance of ladder fuels, methods for quantifying them are limited and imprecise. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), a form of active remote sensing, is able to estimate many aspects of forest structure across a landscape. This study investigates a new method for quantifying ladder fuel in the field (using photographs with a calibration banner) and remotely (using LiDAR data). We apply these new techniques in the Klamath Mountains of Northern California to predict ladder fuel levels across the study area. Our results demonstrate a new utility of LiDAR data to identify fire hazard and areas in need of fuels reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T10:07:43Z","timestamp":1474279663000},"page":"766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Estimating Ladder Fuels: A New Approach Combining Field Photography with LiDAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"},{"name":"SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Center for Fire Research and Outreach, College of Natural Resources, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Lake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Orleans Ranger Station, Hwy 96\/1 Ishi-Pishi Road, Orleans, CA 95556, USA"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Jakubowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marek Jakubowski Consulting, 560 Boulevard PI NE, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0198-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggi","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Sciences Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2002)052[0019:LRSFES]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Lidar remote sensing for ecosystem studies","volume":"52","author":"Lefsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Lidar remote sensing for forestry","volume":"98","author":"Dubayah","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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