{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T08:45:38Z","timestamp":1770281138841,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Data acquired by Harris Corporation\u2019s (Melbourne, FL, USA) Geiger-mode IntelliEarth\u2122 sensor and Sigma Space Corporation\u2019s (Lanham-Seabrook, MD, USA) Single Photon HRQLS sensor were evaluated and compared to accepted 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) data and survey ground control to assess the suitability of these new technologies for the 3DEP. While not able to collect data currently to meet USGS lidar base specification, this is partially due to the fact that the specification was written for linear-mode systems specifically. With little effort on part of the manufacturers of the new lidar systems and the USGS Lidar specifications team, data from these systems could soon serve the 3DEP program and its users. Many of the shortcomings noted in this study have been reported to have been corrected or improved upon in the next generation sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]],"date-time":"2016-09-19T10:07:43Z","timestamp":1474279663000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Evaluation of Single Photon and Geiger Mode Lidar for the 3D Elevation Program"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Stoker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA"}]},{"given":"Qassim","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woolpert, Arlington, VA 22206, USA"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Nayegandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dewberry Consultants LLC, Fairfax, VA 22031, USA"}]},{"given":"Jayna","family":"Winehouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO 80225, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugarbaker, L.J., Constance, E.W., Heidemann, H.K., Jason, A.L., Lukas, V., Saghy, D.L., and Stoker, J.M. (2014). The 3D Elevation Program initiative\u2014A call for action. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ.","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1399"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1117\/12.532723","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging with arrays of geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes","volume":"5353","author":"Aull","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clifton, W.E., Steele, B., Nelson, G., Truscott, A., Itzler, M., and Entwistle, M. (2015). Medium altitude airborne geiger-mode mapping LIDAR system. Proc. SPIE, 9465.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2193827"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.000441","article-title":"Laser ranging and mapping with a photon-counting detector","volume":"35","author":"Priedhorsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degnan, J., Wells, D., Machan, R., and Leventhal, E. 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Available online: https:\/\/www.asprs.org\/pad-division\/asprs-positional-accuracy-standards-for-digital-geospatial-data.htm."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/9\/767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:31:10Z","timestamp":1760211070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/9\/767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8090767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8090767","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,19]]}}}