{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T21:58:49Z","timestamp":1774043929384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1474416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0325171A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0325171A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Commission FP7","award":["312372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312372"]}]},{"name":"European Commission FP7","award":["609795"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["609795"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wind measurements using classical profiling lidars suffer from systematic measurement errors in complex terrain. Moreover, their ability to measure turbulence quantities is unsatisfactory for wind-energy applications. This paper presents results from a measurement campaign during which multiple WindScanners were focused on one point next to a reference mast in complex terrain. This multi-lidar (ML) technique is also compared to a profiling lidar using the Doppler beam swinging (DBS) method. First- and second-order statistics of the radial wind velocities from the individual instruments and the horizontal wind components of several ML combinations are analysed in comparison to sonic anemometry and DBS measurements. The results for the wind speed show significantly reduced scatter and directional error for the ML method in comparison to the DBS lidar. The analysis of the second-order statistics also reveals a significantly better correlation for the ML technique than for the DBS lidar, when compared to the sonic. However, the probe volume averaging of the lidars leads to an attenuation of the turbulence at high wave numbers. Also the configuration (i.e., angles) of the WindScanners in the ML method seems to be more important for turbulence measurements. In summary, the results clearly show the advantages of the ML technique in complex terrain and indicate that it has the potential to achieve significantly higher accuracy in measuring turbulence quantities for wind-energy applications than classical profiling lidars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8090782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]],"date-time":"2016-09-21T10:11:26Z","timestamp":1474452686000},"page":"782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["An Inter-Comparison Study of Multi- and DBS Lidar Measurements in Complex Terrain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lukas","family":"Pauscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), Fraunhofer IWES|Kassel, K\u00f6nigstor 59, 34119 Kassel, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Micrometeorology, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9381-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola","family":"Vasiljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU Wind Energy, Ris\u00f8 Campus, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Doron","family":"Callies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), Fraunhofer IWES|Kassel, K\u00f6nigstor 59, 34119 Kassel, Germany"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU Wind Energy, Ris\u00f8 Campus, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6096-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU Wind Energy, Ris\u00f8 Campus, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Klaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), Fraunhofer IWES|Kassel, K\u00f6nigstor 59, 34119 Kassel, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology, University of Cologne, 50923 K\u00f6ln, Germany"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Hieronimus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ForWind, Center for Wind Energy Research, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, K\u00fcpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Gottschall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), Fraunhofer IWES|Northwest, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany"}]},{"given":"Annedore","family":"Schwesig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and Energy System Technology (IWES), Fraunhofer IWES|Kassel, K\u00f6nigstor 59, 34119 Kassel, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0506-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ForWind, Center for Wind Energy Research, Carl von Ossietzky Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg, K\u00fcpkersweg 70, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Courtney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU Wind Energy, Ris\u00f8 Campus, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/we.518","article-title":"Lidar profilers in the context of wind energy\u2014A verification procedure for traceable measurements","volume":"15","author":"Gottschall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (2013). 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