{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:13:28Z","timestamp":1767849208874,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]],"date-time":"2016-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antarctic sea ice is known to provide unique ecosystem habitat at the ice\u2013ocean interface. Mapping sea ice characteristics\u2014such as thickness and roughness\u2014at high resolution from beneath the ice is difficult due to access. A Geoswath Plus phase-measuring bathymetric sonar mounted on an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) was employed in this study to collect data underneath the sea ice at Cape Evans in Antarctica in November 2014. This study demonstrates how acoustic data can be collected and processed to resolutions of 1 m for acoustic bathymetry and 5 cm for acoustic backscatter in this challenging environment. Different ice textures such as platelet ice, smooth ice, and sea ice morphologies, ranging in size from 1 to 50 m were characterized. The acoustic techniques developed in this work could provide a key to understanding the distribution of sea ice communities, as they are nondisruptive to the fragile ice environments and provide geolocated data over large spatial extents. These results improve our understanding of sea ice properties and the complex, highly variable ecosystem that exists at this boundary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]],"date-time":"2016-10-05T10:18:55Z","timestamp":1475662735000},"page":"821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fine-Scale Sea Ice Structure Characterized Using Underwater Acoustic Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Lucieer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7000, Australia"},{"name":"Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7250, Australia"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Nau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7000, Australia"},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Forrest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7250, Australia"},{"name":"Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Hawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 4800, New Zealand"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadena, A. 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