{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T08:13:26Z","timestamp":1763367206038,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,9]],"date-time":"2016-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41271452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41271452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Technologies R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2015BAK03B04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015BAK03B04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ancient plank road is a creative building in the history of Chinese ancient traffic through cliffs. In this paper, a virtual restoration approach for ancient plank road using mechanical analysis with precision 3D data of current heritage site is proposed. Firstly, an aero photogrammetry with multiple view images from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imaging system is presented to obtain the 3D point cloud of ancient plank roads, which adopts a density image matching and aerial triangulation processing. In addition, a terrestrial laser scanner is integrated to obtain detail 3D data of the plank road. Secondly, a mechanical analysis method based on the precision 3D data of the current plank roads is proposed to determine their forms and restore each of their components with detail sizes. Finally, all components and background scene were added to the existing model to obtain a virtual restoration model, which indicates that it is effective and feasible to achieve a three-dimensional digital and virtual restoration of ancient sites. The Chiya Plank Road is taken as a virtual restoration example with the proposed approach. The restored 3D model of the ancient plank can be widely used for digital management, research, and visualization of ancient plank roads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,10]],"date-time":"2016-10-10T10:35:19Z","timestamp":1476095719000},"page":"828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Virtual Restoration Approach for Ancient Plank Road Using Mechanical Analysis with Precision 3D Data of Heritage Site"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7632-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Architecture Department, Chang\u2019an University, No. 161, Chang\u2019an Road, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Architecture Department, Xi\u2019an University of Architecture &amp; Technology, No. 13, Yanta Road, Xi\u2019an 710055, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0866-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingwu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, No. 129, Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internation Software, Wuhan University, No. 129, Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Hongjun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Bureau of Cultural Heritage, No. 193, Yanta West Road, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"The New Study of the Ruin of Ninghe Ancient Plank Road","volume":"2013\u20132015","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Salt Ind."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Miller, F.P., Vandome, A.F., and Mcbrewster, J. (2010). Ancient Chinese Wooden Architecture, Alphascript Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Surhone, L.M., Timpledon, M.T., and Marseken, S.F. (2010). Plank Road, Betascript Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"10","article-title":"Design and Actualization of Urban Planning Information System Combining 2D GIS and 3D Simulation","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urban Geotech. Investig. Surv."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Zhang, N. (2007). Research and Realization of 2D Geological Modeling Based on GIS, China University of Petroleum."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"25","article-title":"3D Object-oriented Scene Creation and GIS Data Management","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geomat. World"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"151","article-title":"3D GIS and Its Application in Smart City","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"60","article-title":"Application and Analysis of Surveying Technology of low altitude UAV Aero-photography and Remote Sensing in Surveying Field","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Sci. Technol. Inf."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"012168","article-title":"Research on Fine Management and Visualization of Ancient Architectures Based on Integration of 2D and 3D GIS Technology","volume":"17","author":"Jun","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOP Publ."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"75","article-title":"Collecting System of Building Surface Data with Three-D Laser Scanning Survey Aided with Digital Photogrammetry","volume":"4","author":"Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Build. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"10","article-title":"Research on 3D Digital Modeling Method of Ancient Architecture in the Palace Museum","volume":"3","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Beijing Union Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"72","article-title":"Application of UAV Aerial Surveying and TLS Technology to Surveying and Modeling in Historic site of Guangzhou Steel Works","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.11.024","article-title":"Latest developments in rock art recording: Towards an integral documentation of Levantine rock art sites combining 2D and 3D recording techniques","volume":"40","author":"Domingo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2012.10.017","article-title":"A high resolution laser scanning model of the Roman theater in Pinara, Turkey\u2014Comparison to previous measurements and search for the causes of damage","volume":"14","author":"Hinzen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"55","article-title":"3D survey and virtual reconstruction of archeological sites","volume":"1","author":"Guidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Digit. Appl. Archaeol. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Q., Wang, S., Fu, C., Ai, M., Yu, D., and Wang, W. (2016). Fine Surveying and 3D Modeling Approach for Wooden Ancient Architecture via Multiple Laser Scanner Integration. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040270"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2011.01.002","article-title":"Laser scanning the Garisenda and Asinelli towers in Bologna (Italy): Detailed deformation patterns of two ancient leaning buildings","volume":"12","author":"Pesci","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2012.04.020","article-title":"Three-dimensional laser scanning: Potential uses for museum conservation and scientific research","volume":"39","author":"Kuzminsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1080\/15583058.2012.747115","article-title":"Evaluation of seismic vulnerability of Santa Maria del Mar in Barcelona by an integrated approach based on terrestrial laser scanner and finite element modeling","volume":"8","author":"Chellini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Arch. Herit."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"85","article-title":"3D Information Recording and Application of Rock Relics","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Geotech. Investig. Surv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-5-W1-125-2013","article-title":"3D Virtual reconstruction of the middle Stoa in the Athens ancient Agor\u00e0","volume":"xl-5\/w1","author":"Kontogianni","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-5-W4-351-2015","article-title":"Structural simulations and conservation analysis-Historic building information model (HBIM)","volume":"XL-5\/W4","author":"Dore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-5-267-2014","article-title":"Survey turned into HBIM: the restoration and the work involved concerning the Basilica di Collemaggio after the earthquake (L\u2019Aquila)","volume":"II-5","author":"Oreni","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Aparicio, L.J., Villarino, A., Garc\u00eda-Gago, J., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Aguilera, D. (2016). Photogrammetric, Geometrical, and Numerical Strategies to Evaluate Initial and Current Conditions in Historical Constructions: A Test Case in the Church of San Lorenzo (Zamora, Spain). Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010060"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Tang, H. (2000). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume of Bridge, Science Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wang, K. (1989). History of Ancient Road in Shaanxi Province, China People\u2019s Communications Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Wang, P. (2008). Shu Road of China, China Travel & Tourism Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gao, C., Wang, J., Wang, X., and Hu, F. (2010). Roads Converge on Chang\u2019an, the Trip of Cultural Geography of Ancient Roads in Qinling, Northwest University Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"39","article-title":"A multi-resolution methodology for the 3D modeling of large and complex archeological areas","volume":"7","author":"Guidi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Arch. Comput."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"DeepMatching: Hierarchical Deformable Dense Matching","volume":"2","author":"Revaud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"387","article-title":"Dense multiple stereo matching of highly overlapping UAV imagery","volume":"XXXIX-B1","author":"Haala","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Mart\u00ednez, J.A., Seddaiu, M., Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lvez, P., Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, D., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Aguilera, D. (2016). A Multi-Data Source and Multi-Sensor Approach for the 3D Reconstruction and Web Visualization of a Complex Archaelogical Site: The Case Study of \u201cTolmo De Minateda\u201d. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8070550"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791","article-title":"Method for registration of 3-D shapes","volume":"14","author":"Besl","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"68","article-title":"The form and transition of Chinese ancient plank road","volume":"1","author":"Lan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Study Hist. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Chen, Q. (2009). Commentary on the Waterway, Zhonghua Book Company."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Qiu, G., Qiu, L., and Yang, P. (2001). Chinese Technology History, Science Press. (In Chinese)."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/10\/828\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:32:36Z","timestamp":1760211156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/8\/10\/828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs8100828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs8100828","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,9]]}}}