{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T22:04:22Z","timestamp":1776377062330,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) techniques and high resolution photogrammetry to study the evolution of a landslide affecting olive groves. The last decade has seen an extensive use of UAV, a technology in clear progression in many environmental applications like landslide research. The methodology starts with the execution of UAV flights to acquire very high resolution images, which are oriented and georeferenced by means of aerial triangulation, bundle block adjustment and Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques, using ground control points (GCPs) as well as points transferred between flights. After Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and orthophotographs were obtained, both differential models and displacements at DSM check points between campaigns were calculated. Vertical and horizontal displacements in the range of a few decimeters to several meters were respectively measured. Finally, as the landslide occurred in an olive grove which presents a regular pattern, a semi-automatic approach to identifying and determining horizontal displacements between olive tree centroids was also developed. In conclusion, the study shows that landslide monitoring can be carried out with the required accuracy\u2014in the order of 0.10 to 0.15 m\u2014by means of the combination of non-invasive techniques such as UAV, photogrammetry and geographic information system (GIS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T10:33:10Z","timestamp":1476354790000},"page":"837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Analysis of Landslide Evolution Affecting Olive Groves Using UAV and Photogrammetric Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6822-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences (CEACTierra), University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1395-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences (CEACTierra), University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3815-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Cardenal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences (CEACTierra), University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences (CEACTierra), University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Colomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9988-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Ja\u00e9n, Campus de las Lagunillas s\/n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-006-0064-z","article-title":"Engineering geology maps: Landslides and GIS","volume":"65","author":"Irigaray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. 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